NAZI Anti-Semitic Policies 1933 – Boycott of Jewish Business 1933 – Removal From Civil Service –Government –Police –Teaching 1935 – Nuremburg Laws – Removal of Citizenship Nov Kristallnacht

Evian Conference July Called by FDR to address issues of Jewish persecution in Germany Representatives from 32 Countries

What is Genocide? Genocide is the deliberate killing of people who belong to a particular racial, political, or cultural group. Was “The Final Solution” Genocide Absolutely Yes!

The Holocaust The systematic killing of nearly 6 million people of Jewish descent. –Jewish people were blamed for economic problems of Germany and the world –They were also labeled as Communist –Gypsies and Slavic people also targeted The Use of Slave labor camps and Extermination Camps

The Ladder of Persecution Extermination Physical Attack Discrimination Avoidance Speech

"Just as it is often hard to tell a toadstool from an edible mushroom, so too it is often very hard to recognize the Jew as a swindler and criminal..."

"One can most easily tell a Jew by his nose. The Jewish nose is bent at its point. It looks like the number six. We call it the Jewish six.

“The Jew: The inciter of war, the prolonger of war.” This 1940 poster advertises the worst of the Nazi anti-Semitic films, “The Eternal Jew.”

Wannsee Conference January 20, high-ranking Nazi Party and German government officials "Final Solution of the Jewish Question." Systematic, deliberate, physical annihilation of the European Jews

Hitler’s “Final Solution” became Genocide Hitler’s war goal: conquer “living space” in East for Aryan Germans by removing and murdering allegedly inferior races and ethnic groups Poland: Hitler deported 325,000 ethnic Poles and 330,000 Jews in 1939; 2 million Polish Jews in ghettos by 1940 Soviet Union: 3 million Soviet POWs died in German captivity by spring 1942, 0.5 million shot by Wehrmacht, first experimental gassings of Soviet POWs and mass murder of Soviet Jews in 1941 Wannsee Conference, 1942: SS laid out “Final Solution” Industrialized mass murder: 4 million Jews killed by the end of 1942 (based on SS records) Overall death toll: 6 million Jews and 6 million non-Jews Genocide (race killing): term coined by Raphael Lemkin in 1943

Camps Auschwitz-BirkenauPoland Extermination and labor camp Bergen-BelsenGermanyCollection point BuchenwaldGermanyLabor camp DachauGermanyLabor camp SobiborPolandExtermination camp Theresienstadt Czech RepublicTransit camp and Ghetto (Terezín) TreblinkaPolandExtermination camp WarsawPoland Labor and extermination camp

Buchenwald 1945: German Civilians made to face results of “Final Solution”

Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing United Nations Convention on Genocide (1948): declared genocide a crime under international law Art. 2: “In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.” Ethnic Cleansing: term coined in 1992 during war in Bosnia (Serb attacks on Bosnian Muslims); forced removal of a people from a concrete territory At Potsdam meeting, 1945, US, Britain, and USSR legitimized “ethnic cleansing” of Europe; in Art. XIII they stated that “the transfer to Germany of German populations, or elements thereof, remaining in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, will have to be undertaken [….] transfers […] should be effected in an orderly and humane manner.”

1945 as “Zero Hour” vs. Continuity of 1940s Should we lump perpetrators and victims in one statistic? Example: Buchenwald Camp and Memorials How do we remember the victims after the end of the Cold War? How do we remember the perpetrators who became victims? Should we lump perpetrators and victims in one statistic? Example: Buchenwald Camp and Memorials How do we remember the victims after the end of the Cold War? How do we remember the perpetrators who became victims?

I am a survivor of a concentration camp. My eyes saw what no person should witness: gas chambers built by learned engineers. Children poisoned by educated physicians. Infants killed by trained nurses. Women and babies shot by high school and college graduates. Dr. Haim Ginott, Holocaust survivor, child psychologist and author

So, I am suspicious of education. So, I am suspicious of education. My request is: Help your children become human. Your efforts must never produce learned monsters, skilled psychopaths or educated Eichmanns. Reading, writing, and arithmetic are important only if they serve to make our children more human. Sincerely, Dr. Haim Ginott, Holocaust survivor, child psychologist and author

Does It Still Happen What are other occurrences of Genocide in History? Why is it so difficult to stop or prevent?