The Early National Period

The Early National Period The United States will undergo many changes between 1800 and 1845 Territory will expand from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, and from Canada to Mexico The Power of the Federal government will be defined during this period The divisions between Northern and Southern states will widen, and eventually lead to war

The Early National Period After 2 terms (8 years), George Washington decided not to run for president again In 1796, the Federalist candidate, John Adams, won the presidency After 4 years in office, Adams became unpopular –Jay Treaty –Bank of the United States

John Adams

The Election of 1800 After 4 years, John Adams was up for re-election The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, ran John Adams again –They believed in a strong central government and were supported by the Northeastern states and bankers The Republicans ran Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr –They wanted a weak government and were supported by the Southern states and farmers

The Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson narrowly wins the election of 1800 Although many did not want him for president, Thomas Jefferson will take office This represents the 1 st election that power will shift from one party to another There was a peaceful transfer of power

Thomas Jefferson

Judicial Decisions in the Early Nationalist Period Marbury vs. Madison –William Marbury took federal government to court over his appointment to Supreme Court –John Marshall ruled that although Marbury was right in taking the government to court, the Supreme Court had no jurisdiction to make a ruling –Judicial Review- Supreme Court can rule laws unconstitutional

Judicial Decisions in the Early Nationalist Period McCullough vs. Maryland –The state of Maryland was taken to court by James McCullough for taxing the National Bank in Maryland –John Marshall ruled that Maryland could not tax the National Bank –“The power to tax is the power to destroy”

John Marshall

William Marbury

The National Bank

The Louisiana Purchase In 1803, Thomas Jefferson is given the chance to buy Louisiana territory from France The Louisiana Territory doubled U.S. land size over night Lewis and Clark were sent by Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory Sacajawea, a native American woman, served as their guide and translator

The Louisiana Territory

Lewis and Clark

Sacajawea

The Louisiana Purchase With new land, came new settlers, and many Americans began moving west Manifest Destiny- belief that the United States should encompass the land between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans This will lead to many violent conflicts with Native Americans living in the area

The War of 1812 In 1812, The United States declared war on Britain At first, the war went badly for the United States –Invasion of Canada fails –Detroit falls to the British –Washington D.C. captured- White House burned In 1815, Andrew Jackson defeats the British at the Battle of New Orleans This victory allows the United States to claim Oregon Territory and will eventually lead to the purchase of Florida from Spain

The Monroe Doctrine Following the War of 1812, the United States gained Florida, and claimed land in the Oregon Territory With new territory for the U.S., and South American countries becoming independent, President Monroe issued a new policy regarding America’s role in the world

The Monroe Doctrine According to the Monroe Doctrine: –North and South America were off limits to outside countries –North and South America would be made up of democracies and republics, not monarchies –The U.S. would consider interference with North or South American countries by other countries an act of war –The U.S. would not interfere with European affairs

Westward Expansion Americans will stream into the Midwest and Southwest, looking to build small farms Gold is discovered in California –Gold Rush –Oregon Trail Railways and canals will be constructed to transport people and products to and from new territories Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin will make cotton a profitable crop –This will create a new demand for slavery –“King Cotton” will become the main source of income

Eli Whitney

The Cotton Gin

Texas and the Mexican War Many Americans were invited to settle an area in Mexico called Texas These Americans revolted against the Mexican government in 1835 –The Alamo- 1 st major battle where the entire defending force was killed Eventually, the Texans win their independence and join the United States

The Alamo

Texas and the Mexican War In 1846, the United States and Mexico go to war In a short war, the United States is victorious According to the peace treaty, the United States took over new territories in the Southwest –California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico

The Fall of Mexico City to the U.S. Army

Advance of U.S. forces into Mexico

Impact on Native Americans Native Americans will be defeated and driven off of their lands The Trail of Tears –In the 1830s, the United States forced all Native Americans living in the east to reservations in Oklahoma Native Americans would be continually moved west throughout the 1800s

The Trail of Tears