The West and the Changing World Balance By 1400, shifting world balance By 1400, shifting world balance Islam declining—fall of the Abbasids Islam declining—fall of the Abbasids Mongols in decline Mongols in decline Ming step into vacuum for a while Ming step into vacuum for a while But West was most dynamic contender But West was most dynamic contender Italy, Spain, and Portugal take leadership roles Italy, Spain, and Portugal take leadership roles Americas and Polynesia also experience big changes Americas and Polynesia also experience big changes

Decline of the Old Order Byzantium and Abbasids crumbled Byzantium and Abbasids crumbled Byzantine Empire pressed by Ottoman Turks, falls in 1453 Byzantine Empire pressed by Ottoman Turks, falls in 1453 Abbasids destroyed by Mongols in 1258 Abbasids destroyed by Mongols in 1258 Fall of Constantinople, 1453

Social & Cultural Change in Middle East Islamic leader focus on religion rather than poetry, philosophy, and science Islamic leader focus on religion rather than poetry, philosophy, and science Landlords seize power over peasants leading to fall in agricultural productivity Landlords seize power over peasants leading to fall in agricultural productivity Tax revenue decrease, merchants lost ground to European competitors Tax revenue decrease, merchants lost ground to European competitors Islamic decline gradual and incomplete Islamic decline gradual and incomplete Muslims remain active in Indian Ocean network Muslims remain active in Indian Ocean network Ottoman Turks building one of world ‘s most powerful empires Ottoman Turks building one of world ‘s most powerful empires

Chinese Century & Withdrawal Ming replace Yuan Ming replace Yuan Influence in Mongolia, Korea, Viet Nam, and Tibet Influence in Mongolia, Korea, Viet Nam, and Tibet State-sponsored trading expeditions to India, Middle East, and eastern Africa State-sponsored trading expeditions to India, Middle East, and eastern Africa Led by Zheng He Led by Zheng He Missions halted in 1433 because of high costs and Confucian opposition Missions halted in 1433 because of high costs and Confucian opposition Withdrawal opened opportunities for European expansion Withdrawal opened opportunities for European expansion Zheng He’s treasure ship

Rise in the West West still backward in 14 th and 15 centuries West still backward in 14 th and 15 centuries Medieval culture and Catholic Church under attack Medieval culture and Catholic Church under attack Population outstripped food supplies and famines recurrent after 1300 Population outstripped food supplies and famines recurrent after 1300 Black death cost Europe 1/3 of its population Black death cost Europe 1/3 of its population

Sources of Dynamism in the West Despite reverses, Europe still dynamic Despite reverses, Europe still dynamic Strengthened feudal monarchs provide effective leadership Strengthened feudal monarchs provide effective leadership Hundred Years War stimulated military innovation Hundred Years War stimulated military innovation Spain drove back Muslim occupiers Spain drove back Muslim occupiers Urban growth spurs commerce Urban growth spurs commerce Church accepts key capitalistic concepts Church accepts key capitalistic concepts Technology, esp. in ironworking and timekeeping continued progress Technology, esp. in ironworking and timekeeping continued progress

Imitation and International Problems Earlier rise of Mongol empire gave Europe access to Asian knowledge and technology Earlier rise of Mongol empire gave Europe access to Asian knowledge and technology Elites sought Asian luxury products Elites sought Asian luxury products Paid for them with export of raw materials Paid for them with export of raw materials Created unfavorable balance of trade, had to be made up in gold Created unfavorable balance of trade, had to be made up in gold Rise of Ottoman empire further threatened Europe’s balance of trade Rise of Ottoman empire further threatened Europe’s balance of trade City-state of Venice begins explorations to bypass Muslim dominated routes to Asia City-state of Venice begins explorations to bypass Muslim dominated routes to Asia

Iberian Spirit of Religious Mission Spain key center for change Spain key center for change Castile and Aragon established regional monarchies by 1400 Castile and Aragon established regional monarchies by 1400 Untied through royal marriage in1469 Untied through royal marriage in1469 Rulers developed religious and military agenda Rulers developed religious and military agenda Mission to convert or expel Muslims and Jews to maintain doctrinal purity Mission to convert or expel Muslims and Jews to maintain doctrinal purity

Western Expansion: experimental Phase Late 13 th century, Europe begins efforts to explore Atlantic Late 13 th century, Europe begins efforts to explore Atlantic Early discoveries leads to colonial system Early discoveries leads to colonial system

Early Explorations Focused on search for route to Indies Focused on search for route to Indies Hindered by technological barriers until 1430 so ship hugged coast Hindered by technological barriers until 1430 so ship hugged coast After 1430, better ships and learning from Arabs use of Chinese compass and astrolabe After 1430, better ships and learning from Arabs use of Chinese compass and astrolabe European mapmaking improved European mapmaking improved

Colonial Patterns Portuguese and Spanish began to exploit discovered territories of Azores, Maderias, and Canaries Portuguese and Spanish began to exploit discovered territories of Azores, Maderias, and Canaries Prince Henry of Portugal reflected intellectual curiosity, religious fervor, and financial interest that stimulated European expansion Prince Henry of Portugal reflected intellectual curiosity, religious fervor, and financial interest that stimulated European expansion

Colonial Patterns Land grants given to colonist who brought along Western plants, animals and diseases Land grants given to colonist who brought along Western plants, animals and diseases Laboratory for later imperialism Laboratory for later imperialism Large estates produced cash crops—sugar, cotton tobacco—for western markets Large estates produced cash crops—sugar, cotton tobacco—for western markets Slaves introduced for crop cultivation Slaves introduced for crop cultivation

Outside World Network International framework developed during Postclassical period left out regions and peoples International framework developed during Postclassical period left out regions and peoples Americas and Polynesia not part of international exchange Americas and Polynesia not part of international exchange

Political Issues in the Americas Aztec and exploitation of subject populations created opportunities for outside intervention Aztec and exploitation of subject populations created opportunities for outside intervention Inca created tension between central and local leadership Inca created tension between central and local leadership European invasion changed Americas European invasion changed Americas "Cortez and Montezuma at Mexican Temple"

Expansion, Migration, and Conquest of Polynesia Between 600 and 1400, Polynesia experienced spurts of migration and conquest Between 600 and 1400, Polynesia experienced spurts of migration and conquest Result—spread people far beyond initial base of Society Islands Result—spread people far beyond initial base of Society Islands Some go to Hawaiian Islands Some go to Hawaiian Islands After 1400, Hawaiian society cut off from Polynesia After 1400, Hawaiian society cut off from Polynesia Warlike regional kingdoms formed Warlike regional kingdoms formed

Adding up the Changes 1400 was time of transition in world history 1400 was time of transition in world history Marked most important shift since fall of classical empires Marked most important shift since fall of classical empires Rise of west was part of complex events all over world Rise of west was part of complex events all over world Shifts in international trade leadership, in power relationships, and civilization dynamism. Shifts in international trade leadership, in power relationships, and civilization dynamism. Although sub-Saharan Africa continued independent paths of evolution,, changing world patterns draws it into new relationship with Europe Although sub-Saharan Africa continued independent paths of evolution,, changing world patterns draws it into new relationship with Europe