Lhoist Business Innovation Center, Nivelles, Belgium Lhoist R&D - Environment Team Master Thesis Alain BRASSEUR May 5 th, 2015 – Nivelles

Business Innovation Center Lhoist Company Confidential 2 1- Performance Testing of Sorbents for CDS Applications A circulating dry scrubber (CDS) is a type of flue gas cleaning equipment which is gaining market share quite rapidly. In the CDS process, a dry sorbent is recirculated extensively to obtain a high degree of conversion. End 2015, new equipment will allow the simulation of a CDS process at the lab scale. The objective of this project is to study the acid gas removal performance under different gas concentrations and temperature using this new equipment. In the research project the development of material properties (e.g. surface area, pore volume, flow behavior), composition (chloride, sulfur and carbon levels) and reactivity (measured in a separate test unit) will be followed as a function of conversion. During the internship, the new equipment needs to be explored and test procedures need to be developed. A successful internship will guide us how to develop new sorbents for this growing market. Department: Environmental Applications Supervisor:Alain Brasseur Duration:Internship + Master Thesis (TFE)

Business Innovation Center Lhoist Company Confidential 3 2- Spent Sorbent Rejuvenation for CDS Applications A circulating dry scrubber (CDS) is a type of flue gas cleaning equipment which is gaining market share quite rapidly. In the CDS process, a dry sorbent is recirculated extensively to obtain a high degree of conversion. The objective of this project is to study the rejuvenation of the spent sorbent before its reinjection in the reaction loop. Spent sorbents will be generated with a new piece of equipment which allows generation of a relatively large quantity of material. In the research project, the influence of the rejuvenation process (water addition, attrition,..) on the reactivity of the spent lime will be studied. A successful internship will deliver a better understanding of the phenomena taking place during rejuvenation process and will contribute to the development of new sorbents for this market. Department: Environmental Applications Supervisor:Alain Brasseur Duration:Internship + Master Thesis (TFE)

Business Innovation Center Lhoist Company Confidential 4 3- Electrical Resistivity of Flue Gas Cleaning Sorbents In the flue gas cleaning process, the resistivity of powders is of high importance when an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is used to remove dust. The removal capacity of dust is higher when the resistivity of the dust is lower. The objective of this project consists of the development of both test equipment and a procedure for the measurement of the resistivity of powders. The purpose of the test unit is to have a fast and discriminating way of measuring the resistivity of a powder. A high voltage generator coupled to a low current analyzer is already available. A measurement cell, including the option for gas flow, needs to be designed and build. Samples, produced using powders and additives, will be tested using the new test unit. A selected number of samples will be shipped to an external lab for where the resistivity will be determined using standardized equipment and measurement procedure. A successful internship will deliver a valuable addition to the testing capabilities of our R&D laboratory. Department: Environmental Applications Supervisor:Alain Brasseur Duration:Internship + Master Thesis (TFE)

Business Innovation Center Lhoist Company Confidential 5 4- Modeling of Breakthrough Experiments Lhoist R&D has recently installed advanced experimental equipment for the measurement of acid gas uptake of lime based sorbents. This installation measures a dynamic concentration profile at the outlet stream of a fixed bed reactor. In the initial phase of the experiment the outlet concentration will be zero when the sorbent becomes saturated the outlet concentration increases and will ultimately reach the inlet concentration. Such an experiment is called a breakthrough experiment. The objective of this project is to model the breakthrough curve with a dynamic model. In such a model equations reside which represent the adsorption kinetics. By measuring breakthrough curves at different gas conditions (concentration, temperature) the model can be used for parameter estimation of the kinetic equations. In this internship state of the art computer modeling (Athena Visual Studio) will go hand in hand with experimental data collection using the new experimental device. A successful internship will significantly increase the value that we can obtain from the new experimental apparatus. Department: Environmental Applications Supervisor:Alain Brasseur Duration:Internship + Master Thesis (TFE)