Warm Up ► Check Homework  Chapter 2.1 and 2.3 Study Guide  Turn in up front when finished  Pick up notes handout

Map Projections …or “How do you Put a 3D World on a Flat Paper?” Today, keep in mind: where a paper map would make contact with a round Earth, it will be most accurate.

Mercator Projection

► The most common map type. Description: ► Draws the Earth as if a flat sheet of paper were wrapped around it. ► Latitude and longitude lines are straight and at right angles ► Pros/Cons?

Mercator Maps Advantages ► True directions (North, South, East and West) are straight lines.  Good for navigation ► The whole world fits on one map Disadvantages ► Landmasses near the poles are distorted to look larger than they actually are. (Greenland, for example)

Polyconic Projection

► Very good at drawing smaller areas of land, such as continents. Description: ► Draws the Earth as if a cone of paper were held over it. ► Lat/Long lines are curved/angled ► Pros/Cons?

Polyconic Projection Advantages ► Very good for smaller areas such as continents, especially for the middle latitudes Disadvantages ► Can only see a small section of the Earth. ► Directions are curved instead of in straight lines.

Gnomonic Projection

► Uses by airlines and ships to plan the shortest routes ► “Radial Map” Description: ► Draws the Earth as if a flat sheet of paper were laid on top of it. ► Lat lines are circular ► Pros/Cons?

Gnomonic Projection

Which is actually the shortest route? ► Mercator? ► Gnomonic?

Gnomonic Projection Advantages ► Used by planes and ships to plan the shortest route. ► Very good for the high latitudes (polar regions) Disadvantages ► Can only see (at most) ½ of the Earth. ► Land areas around the outside edges (the equator) are distorted

Are these the only kinds of projections? ► Of course not! ► These 3 are the most important to know for this class ► All maps you’ll see in class fall roughly into one of these 3 categories.

Globe Description: ► Spherical model of the Earth ► Drawn as if the Earth were much, much smaller ► Pros/Cons?

Globe Advantages ► Most accurate for relative size, shape and distance of the Earth. ► Great for modeling interactions with the Sun/Moon ► See the entire Earth Disadvantages ► Not very practical to carry around. ► Not detailed or good for navigating small areas (it won’t help you get through downtown D.C.!)

 Work with a partner and complete the “Comparing Maps” Worksheet  Please DO write on these sheets  Be ready to discuss your answers!!! Comparing Maps Exercise 5 Minute Timer EndEnd

A A B B C C Highways Topography Weather Stars Cities Exits Rivers Airports Elevation Mountains Cities Roads Houses Rivers, Mines Constellations Luminosity Galaxies

Fill in the notes! Use this space for general latitude/longitude information if it does not easily fall into one of the two boxes above!!

Modeling the Planet Latitude and Longitude Latitude and Longitude – Helps us understand distance and location

Latitude and Longitude Basics ► Form a grid over the Earth ► Both are measured in degrees.  One degree is divided into 60 minutes.  One minute is divided into 60 seconds. This is likely to be new information – write it down! You probably already know this… you don’t have to necessarily write it down!

► Location of Capitol Building: 38° 53’ 23” N 38° 53’ 23” N 77° 0’ 34” W 77° 0’ 34” W Examples are good! DegreesMinutes Seconds

Our Exact Location Our Exact Location ► Right now, we are located at:  38° 26' 5.95” N ► (Decimal Degrees: N)  77° 27' 4.59” W ► (Decimal Degrees: W) ► Why bother with DMS instead of DD?  DMS is VERY accurate without going out to 7 or 8 decimal points

Latitude ► Lat runs E and W  Like ladder rungs  OR “lat is flat”  Lines = parallels ► Measure N and S ► Equator = ° ► North Pole = ° N ► South Pole = ° S Runs Measures

► Run from NP to SP  Lines = meridians  Measure E and W ► Prime Meridian = º (Greenwich, England) ► Goes to º on the other side of the globe (roughly, the International Date Line) Longitude Runs Measures

International Date Line ► The first place to experience a new day! ► If you cross the International Date Line (US to Asia/Australia), you need to turn your watch ahead 24 hours!  Yes, you can arrive “before” you leave, traveling from Asia to the US. It zig-zags to keep countries in the same day/time zone

Modeling the Planet  Work with a partner and complete the “Using Latitude and Longitude” Worksheet  Please DO write on these sheets  Be ready to discuss your answers!!! 5 Minute Timer EndEnd

Osaka, Japan Fiers, France Portland, OR, USA H B M W J B M They are west of the prime meridian Northern – There’s more land in the N. Hemisphere

Three Major Types of Scales Distance on mapDistance in real life Intentionally, no units! As long as you use the same units on either side, it is accurate. For example: 1 cm on the map = 100,000 cm in real life.

Modeling the Planet Scales Scales Ratio (representative fraction) Scale Graphic Scale

– Work with a partner and complete the “Using Scale and Direction in Maps” Worksheet – Please DO write on these sheets – Be ready to discuss your answers!!! Modeling the Planet 5 Minute Timer EndEnd

Why everything you think you know about the way the Earth looks is wrong: (clip from The West Wing) ► Homework:  Study Guide: ► Latitude & Longitude Review ► Chapter 2.2 Q’s

Latitude/Longitude Quiz! Depending on the question, identify the locations or provide the latitude and longitude coordinates. Use the map to ID the states, as needed! Aim for accuracy, not speed!