Gel Substantially dilute cross-linked system, which exhibits no flow when in the steady-state Solid, jelly-like material that can have properties ranging from soft and weak to hard and tough By weight, gels are mostly liquid, yet they behave like solids due to a three-dimensional cross-linked network within the liquid Examples- Polyacrylamide gel, Silica gel, Starch gel, Agarose gel etc. Substantially dilute cross-linked system, which exhibits no flow when in the steady-state Solid, jelly-like material that can have properties ranging from soft and weak to hard and tough By weight, gels are mostly liquid, yet they behave like solids due to a three-dimensional cross-linked network within the liquid Examples- Polyacrylamide gel, Silica gel, Starch gel, Agarose gel etc.

Types of Gels Organogels Xerogels Hydrogels Organogels Xerogels Hydrogels

Organogels An organogel is a non-crystalline, non-glassy thermoreversible (thermoplastic) solid material composed of a liquid organic phase entrapped in a three-dimensionally cross-linked network The solubility and particle dimensions of the structurant are important characteristics for the elastic properties and firmness of the organogel Organogels have potential for use in a number of applications, such as in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, art conservation, and food Examples- organic solvent, mineral oil, or vegetable oil An organogel is a non-crystalline, non-glassy thermoreversible (thermoplastic) solid material composed of a liquid organic phase entrapped in a three-dimensionally cross-linked network The solubility and particle dimensions of the structurant are important characteristics for the elastic properties and firmness of the organogel Organogels have potential for use in a number of applications, such as in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, art conservation, and food Examples- organic solvent, mineral oil, or vegetable oil

Xerogels A xerogel is a solid formed from a gel by drying without shrinkage Xerogels usually retain high porosity (25%) and enormous surface area (150–900 m 2 /g), along with very small pore size (1-10 nm) When solvent removal occurs under hypercritical (supercritical) conditions, the network does not shrink and a highly porous, low-density material known as an Xerogel is produced Example- Silica gel A xerogel is a solid formed from a gel by drying without shrinkage Xerogels usually retain high porosity (25%) and enormous surface area (150–900 m 2 /g), along with very small pore size (1-10 nm) When solvent removal occurs under hypercritical (supercritical) conditions, the network does not shrink and a highly porous, low-density material known as an Xerogel is produced Example- Silica gel

Hydrogels Hydrogel (also called aquagel) is a network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, sometimes found as a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium Hydrogels also possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue, due to their significant water content(99%) Hydrogels which are also known as ‘Smart Gels’ or ‘Intelligent Gels’ These hydrogels have the ability to sense changes of pH, temperature, or the concentration of metabolite It is common used gel in laboratories Examples- Starch gel, Agarose gel, Polyacrylamide gel etc. Hydrogel (also called aquagel) is a network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, sometimes found as a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium Hydrogels also possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue, due to their significant water content(99%) Hydrogels which are also known as ‘Smart Gels’ or ‘Intelligent Gels’ These hydrogels have the ability to sense changes of pH, temperature, or the concentration of metabolite It is common used gel in laboratories Examples- Starch gel, Agarose gel, Polyacrylamide gel etc.

Acrylamide Acrylamide (or acrylic amide) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula C 3 H 5 NO It is a white odorless crystalline solid, soluble in water, ethanol, ether, and chloroform Acrylamide is prepared on an industrial scale by the hydrolysis of acrylonitrile by nitrile hydratase It is carcinogenic as well as Neurotoxic compounds Most acrylamide is used to synthesize polyacrylamides polymeririsation process It is used in the manufacture of dyes, Waste water treatment and other monomers Acrylamide (or acrylic amide) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula C 3 H 5 NO It is a white odorless crystalline solid, soluble in water, ethanol, ether, and chloroform Acrylamide is prepared on an industrial scale by the hydrolysis of acrylonitrile by nitrile hydratase It is carcinogenic as well as Neurotoxic compounds Most acrylamide is used to synthesize polyacrylamides polymeririsation process It is used in the manufacture of dyes, Waste water treatment and other monomers

Polyacrylamide Also called Cross-linked Polyacrylamide Polyacrylamide is not toxic Polyacrylamide is a cross-linked polymer of Acrylamide It is recommended to handle it with caution It is highly water-absorbent, forming a soft gel when hydrated Used in- - Flocculate or coagulate solids in a liquid - A subdermal filler for aesthetic facial surgery - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - In soft contact lenses etc. Also called Cross-linked Polyacrylamide Polyacrylamide is not toxic Polyacrylamide is a cross-linked polymer of Acrylamide It is recommended to handle it with caution It is highly water-absorbent, forming a soft gel when hydrated Used in- - Flocculate or coagulate solids in a liquid - A subdermal filler for aesthetic facial surgery - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - In soft contact lenses etc.

Polyacrylamide gel It is a white odorless gel, soluble in water After polymerization of acrylamide it get cross-linked structure TEMED stabilizes free radicals and improves polymerization Here, the toxic affect of acrylamide get vanish (95%) Amount of polyacrylamide salt dissolved (conc.) is directly proportion to cross –linked nature of gel It is a white odorless gel, soluble in water After polymerization of acrylamide it get cross-linked structure TEMED stabilizes free radicals and improves polymerization Here, the toxic affect of acrylamide get vanish (95%) Amount of polyacrylamide salt dissolved (conc.) is directly proportion to cross –linked nature of gel

Polyacrylamide gel Preparation Polyacrylamide gels are prepared by the free radical polymerization of acrylamide and the cross linking agent N N’ methylene bis-acrylamide Ammonium persulfate (catalyst ) TEMED (N,N N’ N’ tetramethylethylene diamine) TEMED (N,N N’ N’ tetramethylethylene diamine) + + Chemical Polymerization Polyacrylamide Acrylamide + N N’ methylene bis acrylamide

Electrophoresis Electrophoresis, also called cataphoresis, is the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field This electrokinetic phenomenon was observed for the first time in 1807 by Reuss Electrophoretic mobility μ e defined as: Examples- - DNA electrophoresis - Gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) - Pulsed field gel electrophoresis( technique used for the separation of large deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules by applying an electric field ) etc. Electrophoresis, also called cataphoresis, is the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field This electrokinetic phenomenon was observed for the first time in 1807 by Reuss Electrophoretic mobility μ e defined as: Examples- - DNA electrophoresis - Gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) - Pulsed field gel electrophoresis( technique used for the separation of large deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules by applying an electric field ) etc.

Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis(PAGE) Electrophoresis in which we use polyacrylamide gel as a sieving/filtering material Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) is used for Qualitative Characterization of protein This procedure is limited to the analysis of protein with a weight range of 14, ,000 Da It is possible to extend the weight range of an electrophoresis gel by various techniques (gradient gel or particular buffer system) Electrophoresis in which we use polyacrylamide gel as a sieving/filtering material Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) is used for Qualitative Characterization of protein This procedure is limited to the analysis of protein with a weight range of 14, ,000 Da It is possible to extend the weight range of an electrophoresis gel by various techniques (gradient gel or particular buffer system)

Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)  It is a type of Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis in which, preliminary process is done with help of SDS  The equipment and supplies necessary for conducting SDS-PAGE includes: An electrophoresis chamber and power supply Glass plates(a short and a top plate) Casting frame Casting stand Combs  It is a type of Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis in which, preliminary process is done with help of SDS  The equipment and supplies necessary for conducting SDS-PAGE includes: An electrophoresis chamber and power supply Glass plates(a short and a top plate) Casting frame Casting stand Combs

Structure of SDS

Significance of SDS SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) is a anionic detergent (soap) that can dissolve hydrophobic molecules but also has a negative charge For uniform distribution of charge per unit area(surface)(q/A) For getting the uniform direction of motion of molecules If a cell is incubated with SDS, the membranes will be dissolved and the proteins will be soluablized by the detergent SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) is a anionic detergent (soap) that can dissolve hydrophobic molecules but also has a negative charge For uniform distribution of charge per unit area(surface)(q/A) For getting the uniform direction of motion of molecules If a cell is incubated with SDS, the membranes will be dissolved and the proteins will be soluablized by the detergent

Action of SDS

Procedure of SDS-PAGE

Preparing of Sample Mix your protein 4:1 with the sample buffer. Heat your sample by either: a) Boiling for 5-10 minutes (Works for most proteins) b) 65ºC for 10 minutes (If you have smearing using the above procedure) c) 7ºC for 30 minutes (Membrane proteins or others that do not enter the gel otherwise may benefit from this type of sample preparation) Mix your protein 4:1 with the sample buffer. Heat your sample by either: a) Boiling for 5-10 minutes (Works for most proteins) b) 65ºC for 10 minutes (If you have smearing using the above procedure) c) 7ºC for 30 minutes (Membrane proteins or others that do not enter the gel otherwise may benefit from this type of sample preparation)

Take sample from any part of fish Each sample must contain 50 µg of protein (For example, if you calculated that your protein yield was 5 mg protein /mL (5 µg/µL), you would need 10 µL of that fraction) Place the appropriate volume (based on protein concentration) of each sample into a labeled microfuge tube Add 1/4 volume of 4x Sample Buffer to each sample Place the microfuge tubes containing your sample and sample buffer in a boiling water bath and boil the samples for 2 minutes (Remove the microfuge tubes and place tubes on ice. Chilling the samples keeps them dense so that they “sink” when placed in the wells) Take sample from any part of fish Each sample must contain 50 µg of protein (For example, if you calculated that your protein yield was 5 mg protein /mL (5 µg/µL), you would need 10 µL of that fraction) Place the appropriate volume (based on protein concentration) of each sample into a labeled microfuge tube Add 1/4 volume of 4x Sample Buffer to each sample Place the microfuge tubes containing your sample and sample buffer in a boiling water bath and boil the samples for 2 minutes (Remove the microfuge tubes and place tubes on ice. Chilling the samples keeps them dense so that they “sink” when placed in the wells)

Insert the precast gel to the gel apparatus Add 1x Running Buffer to the buffer chambers of the electrophoresis apparatus Connect the leads to a power supply and electrophorese the samples until the bromophenol blue dye front has traveled to the very bottom of the gel (200 V for ~ 45 minutes) After electrophoresis, carefully remove the fragile gel from between the glass plates, and submerge the gel in Coomassie Blue stain. Shake gently on the shaker for at least 30 minutes Remove the gel from the stain solution and place in Destain I for 15 minutes to 1hr. Remove and put in Destain II hours until the background is clear Put your destained gel on a piece of saran wrap or in Ziploc bag and photograph it with a digital camera Insert the precast gel to the gel apparatus Add 1x Running Buffer to the buffer chambers of the electrophoresis apparatus Connect the leads to a power supply and electrophorese the samples until the bromophenol blue dye front has traveled to the very bottom of the gel (200 V for ~ 45 minutes) After electrophoresis, carefully remove the fragile gel from between the glass plates, and submerge the gel in Coomassie Blue stain. Shake gently on the shaker for at least 30 minutes Remove the gel from the stain solution and place in Destain I for 15 minutes to 1hr. Remove and put in Destain II hours until the background is clear Put your destained gel on a piece of saran wrap or in Ziploc bag and photograph it with a digital camera

Chemical Preparation Coomassie Blue Stain 2.5 g Coomassie Brilliant Blue R, 440 mL methanol, 480 mL water, 80 mL glacial acetic acid, filter before use 5x Electrode (Running) Buffer 45 g Tris-base (15 g/L) 216 g glycine (72 g/L) 15 g SDS (5 g/L) Coomassie Blue Stain 2.5 g Coomassie Brilliant Blue R, 440 mL methanol, 480 mL water, 80 mL glacial acetic acid, filter before use 5x Electrode (Running) Buffer 45 g Tris-base (15 g/L) 216 g glycine (72 g/L) 15 g SDS (5 g/L)

4x Sample Buffer 4.0 mL distilled water 1.0 mL of 0.5 M Tris-HCl, pH mL glycerol 1.6 mL of 10% (w/v) SDS 0.2 m L of 0.05% (w/v) bromophenol blue (Store at room temperature. Immediately before use add 0.4 mL B-mercaptoethanol) Prepare acrylamide gel Consist of 30% acrylamide, 0.8% bisacrylamide, SDS,and a buffer with an adjusted pH Store at 4ºC in the dark The ratio of acrylamide to bisacrylamide can be varied for special purposes 4x Sample Buffer 4.0 mL distilled water 1.0 mL of 0.5 M Tris-HCl, pH mL glycerol 1.6 mL of 10% (w/v) SDS 0.2 m L of 0.05% (w/v) bromophenol blue (Store at room temperature. Immediately before use add 0.4 mL B-mercaptoethanol) Prepare acrylamide gel Consist of 30% acrylamide, 0.8% bisacrylamide, SDS,and a buffer with an adjusted pH Store at 4ºC in the dark The ratio of acrylamide to bisacrylamide can be varied for special purposes

Choose a percentage acrylamide based on the molecular weight range of proteins you wish to separate Gel Percentage(%) Molecular weight Range kDa20-300kDa10-200kDa3-100kDa Destaining I solution (50% methanol, 5% acetic acid, freshly made) Destaining II solution (7% acetic acid, 5% methanol, freshly made) Destaining I solution (50% methanol, 5% acetic acid, freshly made) Destaining II solution (7% acetic acid, 5% methanol, freshly made)

Staining solution Dissolve 0.25 g of Coomassie brilliant blue in 45 ml of methanol. Add 45 ml of H 2 O and 10 ml of acetic acid. Stacking Gel Solution (4% Acrylamide) H 2 O3.075 ml 0.5 M Tris-HCl, pH ml 20% (w/v) SDS0.025 ml Acrylamide/Bis-acrylamide0.67 ml (30%/0.8% w/v) ammonium persulfate (APS)0.025 ml (10% (w/v) TEMED( Tetramethylethylenediamine ) ml Staining solution Dissolve 0.25 g of Coomassie brilliant blue in 45 ml of methanol. Add 45 ml of H 2 O and 10 ml of acetic acid. Stacking Gel Solution (4% Acrylamide) H 2 O3.075 ml 0.5 M Tris-HCl, pH ml 20% (w/v) SDS0.025 ml Acrylamide/Bis-acrylamide0.67 ml (30%/0.8% w/v) ammonium persulfate (APS)0.025 ml (10% (w/v) TEMED( Tetramethylethylenediamine ) ml

Data analysis Calculate the R f (ratio of the fronts) of each protein standard, using the equation: R f = distance of protein migration/distance of dye front migration. Using computer, plot the log of the molecular weight on the Y axis and the R f on the X axis Calculate the R f (ratio of the fronts) of each protein standard, using the equation: R f = distance of protein migration/distance of dye front migration. Using computer, plot the log of the molecular weight on the Y axis and the R f on the X axis

Importance of SDS-PAGE in Modern Ichthyotaxonomy To detecting the various diseases of fishes and shellfishes on molecular level SDS-PAGE denotes technique for identifying genetic variation in fishes at the molecular level Provides a basis to rearrange the species according to their molecular behavior Gives very satisfying and accurate result about the protein pattern and their types To detecting the various diseases of fishes and shellfishes on molecular level SDS-PAGE denotes technique for identifying genetic variation in fishes at the molecular level Provides a basis to rearrange the species according to their molecular behavior Gives very satisfying and accurate result about the protein pattern and their types

REFERENCES physci/journal/v230/n12/abs/physci230092a0.html pdf homepages.gac.edu/cellab/chpts/chpt4/ex4-1.html s/Polyacrylamide_Gel_Electrophoresis__PAGE_/index.html lweek11.html physci/journal/v230/n12/abs/physci230092a0.html pdf homepages.gac.edu/cellab/chpts/chpt4/ex4-1.html s/Polyacrylamide_Gel_Electrophoresis__PAGE_/index.html lweek11.html