Chapter 26 Heritage of the Middle East Section 1 World of Islam Section 2 Centuries of Turmoil Section 3 Patterns of Life Section 4 Imperialism and Nationalism

Before Islam Arabs were nomadic Herders Desert was a crossroads for trade Constant flow of pilgrims to Kaaba – sacred shrine Black stone – “meteorite from Heaven” Practiced polytheism

Islam Muhammad the Prophet Born in Mecca 570 Encouraged by wife Khadija to pray and fast Resisted by Arabs initially Forced out of Mecca Yatriba Accepted Later changed to Medina “city of the prophet” Koran holy book of Islam 1/5 of the world are Muslims

Hejira Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina Expanded Islam Year of hejira was first year in the Muslim calendar Returned to Mecca with an Army Controlled almost all of Arabian Peninsula

Teachings of Islam Islam – submission 5 Pillars Proclaim belief in one God Accept God revealed his message to Muhammad Honor other prophets Prayer Five times a day Face Holy city of Mecca

5 Pillars cont. Charity to poor Fasting during Ramadan –nothing from dawn to sunset Hajj –pilgrimage to Mecca must be made once in their lifetime 6 th ? Jihad – struggle both inner, and defense of Islam

Koran Believed to contain the exact word of God as revealed to Muhammad For religion, politics, law, economy, social Arabic became universal language Not allowed to translate the Koran from Arabic Heavily influenced by Christianity/Judaism Allah is same God Tolerant to Christians/Jews (in theory)

Ethics Must honor Mother and Father Honesty, kindness, All are equal???

Expansion First 100 years vastly expanded Muslim Arabs conquered from Indus to the Atlantic Soldiers were united Go to heaven if killed in battle Lure of riches Sometimes welcomed Nonbeliever tax

Divisions Caliph –successor to prophet Sunni v. Shiites Ali – Muhammad's cousin/ son-in/law Murdered Ali’s son challenged rule of Umayyad Dynasty (those who took over) Was murdered Followers of Ali Shiites broke away Could descents of someone other than Ali be a caliph?

Arab Empire Umayyad Dynasty Damascus, Syria Capital Not inclusive to non Arabs What was more important, being Arab or being Muslim? Abbassid dynasty Bagdad New Capital “God-Given” Built mosques, irrigation, libraries, hospitals, public baths, schools More inclusive Kingdoms split away, but kept religion and many cultures

Golden Age of Muslim Civilization Trade and conquest help empire spread Blended Greek, Persian, Indian influences Wealth came from trade China, Scandinavia, Russia, Africa Improvements in trade practices Credit opposed to coins Keeping records/receipts

Golden Age cont. Increase in learning Ancient works were translated House of Wisdom Bagdad Ibn Sina Algebra, philosophy, medicine, poetry Contributions to foreign languages as well

Section 2 Centuries of Turmoil Invaders Waves of nomads from Central Asia began to overrun the Middle East (1000) Wanted fertile lands Seljuk's Turkish Islam 1055 seized Baghdad Captured part of Byzantine Empire as well, alarming Christian in Europe

Mongols 1200’s took parts of Russia, and Central Asia 1258 Hulagu captured Bagdad Looted and destroyed city Places, mosques, libraries Killed Abbassid caliph Spurred international trade Eventually absorbed into the Middle East culture

Crusades Byzantine Empire threatened by Muslims and asked for help Pope Urban II 1095 called for a crusade – holy war Goal was to capture Palestine Battled fro centuries Taking Jerusalem, but eventually losing it Europe was not as advanced at this point Saladin 1187 Muslim general

Ottoman Empire Early 1300’s Turkish Converted to Islam Central Europe across Middle East and North Africa Captured Constantinople in 1453 Brought down Byzantine Empire Istanbul became the Capital ure=related ure=related Suleiman ruler 1520 to 1566

Ottoman Govt. Lasted 500 years Sultan – head of government Men of the pen Lawyers, judges, poets Religion/legal Men of the sword Soldiers slaves

Slaves Converted to Islam to be free Some were trained in palace Could go into politics Some became cadets in Janizary corps Military units guarded his palace

Millets Non-Muslim communities Ruled by their own religious leaders Had to answer to Sultan mages/mullet_hairstyles03.jpg mages/mullet_hairstyles03.jpg

Safavid Empire 1500’s (Iran) Fought with Ottomans over Mesopotamia Shiite vs. Sunnis Abbas the Great ruled 1587 to 1629 Shahs –king Helped by Europeans Isfahan (Capital) Important trade esp. with China Declined after his death

Section 3 Patterns of Life Village Life Most people lived in small farming villages Sheep, goats, olives Women's room Nomads Camels, goats Follow the rains Bedouins People of the tent Arabia Highland Nomads

Nomads cont. Problems Seen as violent (many were) Flocks grazed on settled farm land Hard to collect taxes from them Required a tax to cross through their lands

Cities Jerusalem Capital of Israel Damascus Trading center on a caravan route Cairo, Bagdad, Mecca Beirut –seaport Protected by high walls Mosque center of life Served as meeting paces, inns Suq –marketplace

Family Life Patriarchal Marriages were arranged Muslim woman couldn’t marry a non- Muslim As many as four wives Must treat them equal

Women Inferior Expected to be modest/secluded Some rights improved under Islam No gendercide Education Customs were not always followed

Section 4 Imperialism and Nationalism November 1869 Suez Canal Opens Ottoman Empire Faced Russia and Austria Hungary seeking their lands Groups wanted independence Ethnic divisions wanting self-rule “Sick man of Europe”

Ottoman cont. Reforms to help modernize Est. secular schools Taught science/technology Change didn’t go well

Turkish Nationalism Young Turks Revolutionary Group Wanted to end western influence 1908 overthrew sultan Not tolerant Persecuted non Muslims Massacred hundreds of thousands Armenians Didn’t treat Arab Muslims well

World War 1 Allies with Germany 1919 Treaty of Versailles Ended empire Stripped Country of its Arab Provinces Mandate – territory administered not owned by another country from League of Nations

Republic of Turkey Greece attacks Turkey Mustafa Kemal Turkish General resist Overthrows Sultan Establish Turkey as a republic Beomes Kemal Ataturk “father of the Turks”

Ataturk cont. Separation of religion and government Invested in industries Women could vote Public schooling Became westernized

Modern Egypt Invaded in 1798 by Napoleon Not successful, but left French influence Muhammad Ali – Albanian soldier governor of Egypt (part of Ottoman) New farming methods, reformed military, promoted cash crops Came into debt from borrowing from Europeans France and Britain able to control Egypt Economy/Suez Canal Copts resisted British rule in 1882 Egypt independent in 1922 Would get canal until 1956

Iran Heavily influenced/dependent on European economy 1925 Reza Khan est. Pahlavi dynasty Wanted to create a modern industrial state Roads, factories, army Continued westernization

Arab Nationalism Saudi Arabia gained independence shortly after WW1 Iraq 1932 Lebanon 1943 Syria 1946

Palestine Conflict between Jewish and Arabs Zionism –sought to reestablish a Jewish State in Palestine (had been Persecuted) Anti-Semitism –hatred of Jews Many killings of Jews 1897 Theodor Herzl organized movement to Palestine Balfour Declaration set up by British Establish an area for Jews Arabs felt pushed off their land