Overseas Expansion US Imperialism

■Essential Question: –How did America’s role in the world change by 1900?

Above is a political cartoon of Uncle Sam that depicts the concept of Imperialism. Based on this cartoon, what inferences can be made about the term Imperialism?

Imperialism ■The actions used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over smaller or weaker nations.

America’s Changing Role in the World ■From 1790 to 1900, the U.S. expanded its role in world affairs: –In 1796, George Washington promoted a policy of neutrality & warned against alliances with foreign nations (especially Europe) “The Great rule of conduct for [the U.S.], in regard to foreign Nations is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible... 'Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances, with any portion of the foreign world” —George Washington, Farewell Address (1796)

America’s Changing Role in the World ■From 1790 to 1900, the U.S. expanded its role in world affairs: –In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine asserted neutrality but proclaimed that the U.S. would protect the western hemisphere from European influence “The American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. We should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety” —The Monroe Doctrine (1823)

America’s Changing Role in the World ■From 1790 to 1900, the U.S. expanded its role in world affairs: –In 1845, the U.S. used treaties & wars to pursue its “Manifest Destiny” & expand to the Pacific Ocean “The American claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us” —John O’Sullivan, New York Morning News (1845)

America’s Changing Role in the World ■From 1790 to 1900, the U.S. expanded its role in world affairs: –By the 1890s, the U.S. gained new overseas colonies & developed a more active foreign policy “American factories are making more than the American people can use; American soil is producing more than they can consume. Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of the world must and shall be ours.” —Senator Albert Beveridge (1898)

Acquiring Alaska ■Secretary of State William Seward signed treaty with Russia in ■7.2 million dollars acquired a territory twice the size of Texas (a great bargain) ■People ridiculed him regarding Alaska as a barren, ice covered land. ■Called it “Seward’s Ice Box”, “Polar Bear Garden”, and “Seward’s Folly.” ■After gold and other minerals was discovered in the 1890s it began to look like a wise purchase. ■Became a territory in 1912, Statehood 1959

U.S. Imperialism: HAWAII Americans overthrew Queen Liliuokalani in 1893 & Hawaii was annexed by the USA in 1898, Statehood 1959 From 1820 to 1890, Americans moved to Hawaii as missionaries, & sugar plantation owners In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani came to power & tried to reduce the power of Americans living in Hawaii

U.S. Imperialism: CHINA By the 1890s, European imperial powers carved China into spheres of influence, giving them exclusive trade rights in Chinese ports In 1899, the USA declared an Open Door Policy in China to allow free trade by any nation in any port

U.S. Imperialism: CUBA In 1895, Cubans declared their independence from Spain; To put down the revolution, Spain used brutal tactics (like starvation) U.S. newspapers sensationalized the events in Cuba (known as “yellow journalism”) In 1898, the U.S. sent the USS Maine to Cuba to protect American interests there; After the ship mysteriously exploded, Americans declared war on Spain

The Spanish-American War was fought to liberate Cuba & the Philippines from Spanish control; The war lasted only 113 days Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders

Roosevelt and the Spanish-American War ■ sevelt-fights-in-spanish-american- war#roosevelt-fights-in-spanish- american-warhttp:// sevelt-fights-in-spanish-american- war#roosevelt-fights-in-spanish- american-war

Causes of the War 1. “Butcher” Weyler from Spain -Governor who was the first to use the policy of internment. (Concentration Camps) –Genocide of the native population –Starved and treated Cuban’s very poorly –Cuba Libré! (Josè Martí) 2. The DeLôme Letter, 1898 Spanish Ambassador to the US whose opinion about Spanish involvement in Cuba and unflattering remarks about President McKinley’s diplomacy was intercepted by Cuban revolutionaries and sent to the New York Journal (Hearst’s newspaper)

Causes of the War 3. Yellow journalism –Hearst vs. Pulitzer In the 1890s the fierce competition between his New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal caused both to use yellow journalism for wider appeal. It opened the way to mass-circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue and appealed to readers with multiple forms of news, entertainment and advertising. –Encouraged “Jingoism” A country’s use of threats or actual force against peaceful relations, either economic or political, with other countries in order to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests.

Causes of the War ■4. Explosion of the USS Maine, 1898

Butcher Weyler

The USS Maine

Yellow Journalism Activity (12 minutes) ■After your topic has been assigned to you, please follow the steps below: –Write a factual account of your event and include reasons why it would or would not be a cause for entering the war. –Then write a yellow journalist’s approach to the subject. Remember, you are in competition with other newspapers. Facts are less important than entertainment.

The “Splendid Little War” ■John Hay (US Ambassador to England) said of the Spanish- American War. ■Comparing the Civil War and the Span-Am War. ■“Rough Riders” and Theodore Roosevelt ■Promotes more jingoism

Results: US Victory ■TREATY OF PARIS, 1898 –Acquire Guam, Puerto Rico (Foraker Act), Cuba, and the Philippines ($20 million). –Teller Amendment: stated US would not attempt to control Cuba politically or economically. ■Platt Amendment, 1901/1903 –Cuba becomes a protectorate, US has a right to buy or lease land (Guantanamo Bay)

As a result of the Spanish-American War, Cuba was liberated & the USA annexed the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico

U.S. Imperialism: PUERTO RICO Puerto Rice is still a U.S. territory; Lots of poverty & unemployment

U.S. Imperialism: PHILIPPINES When the Philippines were annexed by the USA & not granted independence after the Spanish-American War, the Filipino-American War began in 1898 The Filipino-American War lasted 3 years & cost more in money & American lives than the Spanish-American War

Filipino Insurrection (Philippines) ■Emilio Aguinaldo and other Filipino leaders excited for the chance to finally have independence. –US buys Philippines and attempts to control them. –Leaves Commodore George Dewey behind to leads a military presence. –Filipinos fight back and cost the US 400 million dollars. ■Did we become what we were fighting against in our war for independence?

U.S. Imperialism: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC When Theodore Roosevelt became president, he used “Big Stick Diplomacy”: Develop an active U.S. foreign policy with a strong navy to accomplish goals TR added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, giving the United States “police powers” to protect Latin America from European imperialism

U.S. Imperialism: PANAMA TR used “Big Stick Diplomacy” to build the Panama Canal by encouraging a Panamanians to rebel from Colombia

U.S. Imperialism: MEXICO The USA tried to intervene in Mexican affairs when Huerta overthrew Diaz & again when Carranza overthrew Huerta Mexico & the USA almost went to war when Mexican rebel Pancho Villa killed 33 Americans

The U.S. Becomes a World Power ■By the 20 th century, the USA was a world power: –Built the world’s 3 rd largest navy –Annexed Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, many Pacific islands –Asserted itself in Latin America (Spanish-American War, Panama Canal, & Roosevelt Corollary) –Influenced Asia (Open Door Policy)