The Age of Imperialism DO NOW: What was the Monroe Doctrine? Why is it important?

MONROE DOCTRINE (1823) President Monroe President Monroe Stated any intervention by external powers in the politics of the AMERICAS is a potentially hostile act against the U.S. Stated any intervention by external powers in the politics of the AMERICAS is a potentially hostile act against the U.S.

What is Imperialism? A stronger nation seeks to dominate a weaker nations political, economically, and socially through military means. A stronger nation seeks to dominate a weaker nations political, economically, and socially through military means. Think about it: What are some political, economic, and social causes of imperialism? Think about it: What are some political, economic, and social causes of imperialism?

Reasons for U.S. Imperialism 1.STRONG MILITARY 2.NEW MARKETS/ RAW MATERIALS 3.EUGENICS/CULTURAL SUPERIORITY

MILITARY ALFRED T. MAHAN U.S.S. MAINE U.S.S. OREGON

NEW MARKETS/RAW MATERIALS Advances in technology drove agriculture Foreign trade becomes the solution to American overproduction and the related problems of unemployment and economic depression

EUGENICS / CULTURAL SUPERIORITY Social Darwinism with a belief in the racial superiority was used to justify imperialism. “The White Man’s Burden” Christianity

MANIFEST DESTINY CONTINUED Purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million (2¢/acre) Purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million (2¢/acre) Secretary of State William Seward Secretary of State William Seward Known as “Seward’s Folly” Known as “Seward’s Folly” Date of Purchase: 1867 Statehood: 1959

MANIFEST DESTINY CONTINUED (1867) US took over Midway Islands, 1300 mi NW of Hawaii (1867) US took over Midway Islands, 1300 mi NW of Hawaii Since the 1790’s American merchants had stopped in Hawaii on their way to China & East India Since the 1790’s American merchants had stopped in Hawaii on their way to China & East India Annexed: 1898 Statehood: 1959

MANIFEST DESTINY CONTINUED (1875) the US agreed to import sugar, duty-free (1875) the US agreed to import sugar, duty-free (1887) pressure for Hawaii to build Pearl Harbor naval base. (1887) pressure for Hawaii to build Pearl Harbor naval base. (1890) McKinley Tariff (1890) McKinley Tariff Annexed: 1898 Statehood: 1959

U.S. THIRST FOR CUBA (1854) U.S. tries to purchase Cuba from Spain (1854) U.S. tries to purchase Cuba from Spain ( ) Cubans revolt against Spain ( ) Cubans revolt against Spain (1886) Cubans get Spain to abolish slavery, U.S. Invests in sugar cane (1886) Cubans get Spain to abolish slavery, U.S. Invests in sugar cane

U.S. THIRST FOR CUBA (1895) 2 nd revolt of Spain by Cuba: Manifesto of Montecristi (1895) 2 nd revolt of Spain by Cuba: Manifesto of Montecristi General Valeriano Weyler, (a.k.a. “The Butcher”), forced civilians into re- concentration camps General Valeriano Weyler, (a.k.a. “The Butcher”), forced civilians into re- concentration camps

YELLOW JOURNALISM Journalism that is based upon sensationalism and cruel exaggeration Journalism that is based upon sensationalism and cruel exaggeration Origins: circulation battle between Joseph Pulitzer ( NY World ) and William Randolph Hearst ( NY Journal ) Origins: circulation battle between Joseph Pulitzer ( NY World ) and William Randolph Hearst ( NY Journal )

DUPUY DE LÔME LETTER (1898) Leaked to press and printed on front page of Hearst’s Journal Leaked to press and printed on front page of Hearst’s Journal U.S. Spanish Ambassador criticized Pres. McKinley by calling him weak and concerned only with gaining the favor of the crowd U.S. Spanish Ambassador criticized Pres. McKinley by calling him weak and concerned only with gaining the favor of the crowd

Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine, Havana Harbor, February 15, 1898 This song was rushed into print between the sinking of the Maine on February 16, 1898 and the declaration of war on April 25, AWAKE UNITED STATES Eagle soar on high, and sound the battle cry! How proudly sailed the warship Maine, a Nation’s pride, without a stain! A wreck she lies, her sailors slain. By two-faced butchers, paid by Spain! Eagle soar on high, And sound the battle cry Wave the starry flag! In mud it shall not drag!

President McKinley’s War Message 1.“Put an end to the barbarities, bloodshed, starvation, and horrible miseries [in Cuba].” 2.Protect the lives and property of the U.S. citizens living in Cuba

President McKinley’s War Message 3.End “the very serious injury to the commerce, trade, and business of our people” 4.End “the constant menace to our peace” arising from disorder in Cuba.

Secretary of the Navy Teddy Roosevelt: “Let the fight come if it must. I rather hope that the fight will come soon. The clamor of the peace faction has convinced me that this country needs a war.”

TELLER AMENDMENT (04/1898) Congress authorized the war Congress authorized the war Declared that the U.S. had no intention of taking political control of Cuba and that, once peace was restored to the island, the Cuban people would control their own gov’t. Declared that the U.S. had no intention of taking political control of Cuba and that, once peace was restored to the island, the Cuban people would control their own gov’t.

Spanish-American War (1898) First shots were fired in Manila Bay. First shots were fired in Manila Bay. The war only lasted a few months The war only lasted a few months Called “A Splendid Little War” Called “A Splendid Little War”

Spanish-American War (1898) Roosevelt ordered a fleet commanded by Commodore George Dewey to the Philippines Roosevelt ordered a fleet commanded by Commodore George Dewey to the Philippines Filipino rebels aided the U.S. against the Spanish Filipino rebels aided the U.S. against the Spanish Manila captured on August 13, Manila captured on August 13, 1898.

Spanish-American War (1898) Meanwhile, back in Cuba… Meanwhile, back in Cuba… 5,000 U.S. troops died of malaria, typhoid, and dysentery. 5,000 U.S. troops died of malaria, typhoid, and dysentery. Fewer than 500 died in battle Fewer than 500 died in battle

Spanish-American War (1898) Roosevelt left his post in office to part-take in war. Roosevelt left his post in office to part-take in war. San Juan Hill: one of the most celebrated events of the war, which was a cavalry charge up by the Rough Riders San Juan Hill: one of the most celebrated events of the war, which was a cavalry charge up by the Rough Riders

Spanish-American War (1898) Santiago Bay: The U.S. succeeded in destroying the Spanish fleet. Santiago Bay: The U.S. succeeded in destroying the Spanish fleet. Early August of 1898, Spain asked for U.S. terms of peaceEarly August of 1898, Spain asked for U.S. terms of peace

Peace Treaty (12/1898) 1.Recognition of Cuban independence 2.U.S. acquisition of 2 Spanish islands Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Guam Guam 3.U.S. acquisition of the Philippines in return for payment to Spain of $20million

“The White Man’s Burden” By Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.

Forms of Imperial Control Forms of ImperialismCharacteristics ColonyA country or region governed internally by a foreign power ProtectorateA country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Sphere of InfluenceAn area in which an outside power claims exclusive trading privileges Economic ImperialismIndependent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other government