行動計算簡介

行動計算 –Mobile Computing 普適運算 –Ubiquitous Computing –Pervasive Computing –Ambient intelligence

Mobile computing Mobile computing is a form of human– computer interaction where a computer is expected to be transported during normal usage.human– computer interactioncomputer Mobile computing has three aspects: –mobile communication: addresses communication issues in ad-hoc and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats and concrete technologies. –mobile hardware: focuses on the hardware, i.e. mobile devices or device components. –mobile software. deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.

Ubiquitous computing Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp) is a post-desktop model of human-computer interaction in which information processing has been thoroughly integrated into everyday objects and activities.human-computer interaction

Ubiquitous computing In the course of ordinary activities, someone "using" ubiquitous computing engages many computational devices and systems simultaneously, and may not necessarily even be aware that they are doing so.ubiquitous This model is usually considered an advancement from the desktop paradigm.desktop paradigm More formally Ubiquitous computing is defined as "machines that fit the human environment instead of forcing humans to enter theirs."

Ubiquitous Computing 那些最深奧的技術都消失了，它們將自己 融入每天的日常生活直到它們無法從中區 分。 The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it. —MARK WEISER

Core concept At their core, all models of ubiquitous computing (also called pervasive computing) share a vision of small, inexpensive, robust networked processing devices, distributed at all scales throughout everyday life and generally turned to distinctly common-place ends.

Core concept For example, a domestic ubiquitous computing environment might interconnect lighting and environmental controls with personal biometric monitors woven into clothing so that illumination and heating conditions in a room might be modulated, continuously and imperceptibly.

Core concept Another common scenario posits refrigerators "aware" of their suitably- tagged contents, able to both plan a variety of menus from the food actually on hand, and warn users of stale or spoiled food.

Core concept Ubiquitous computing presents challenges across computer science: in systems design and engineering, in systems modelling, and in user interface design. Contemporary human-computer interaction models, whether command-line, menu-driven, or GUI-based, are inappropriate and inadequate to the ubiquitous case.command-lineGUI

Core concept This suggests that the "natural" interaction paradigm appropriate to a fully robust ubiquitous computing has yet to emerge - although there is also recognition in the field that in many ways we are already living in an ubicomp world. Contemporary devices that lend some support to this latter idea include mobile phones, digital audio players, radio-frequency identification tags, GPS, and interactive whiteboards.mobile phonesdigital audio playersradio-frequency identification GPSinteractive whiteboards

Core concept Mark Weiser proposed three basic forms for ubiquitous system devices, see also Smart device: tabs, pads and boards.Mark Weiser Smart device –Tabs: wearable centimetre sized devices –Pads: hand-held decimetre-sized devices –Boards: metre sized interactive display devices.

Core concept These three forms proposed by Weiser are characterized by being macro-sized, having a planar form and on incorporating visual output displays. If we relax each of these three characteristics we can expand this range into a much more diverse and potentially more useful range of Ubiquitous Computing devices.

Core concept Hence, three additional forms for ubiquitous systems have been proposed: [4] [4] –Dust: miniaturized devices can be without visual output displays, e.g., Micro Electro- Mechanical Systems (MEMS), ranging from nanometres through micrometers to millimetres. See also Smart dust.MEMSSmart dust

Core concept –Skin: fabrics based upon light emitting and conductive polymers, organic computer devices, can be formed into more flexible non-planar display surfaces and products such as clothes and curtains, see OLED display. MEMS device can also be painted onto various surfaces so that a variety of physical world structures can act as networked surfaces of MEMS.OLED display –Clay: ensembles of MEMS can be formed into arbitrary three dimensional shapes as artefacts resembling many different kinds of physical object (see also Tangible interface).Tangible interface

History Mark Weiser coined the phrase "ubiquitous computing" around 1988, during his tenure as Chief Technologist of the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Both alone and with PARC Director and Chief Scientist John Seely Brown, Weiser wrote some of the earliest papers on the subject, largely defining it and sketching out its major concerns.[5][6][7]Mark WeiserXeroxPalo Alto Research Center (PARC)John Seely Brown[5][6][7]

History Recognizing that the extension of processing power into everyday scenarios would necessitate understandings of social, cultural and psychological phenomena beyond its proper ambit, Weiser was influenced by many fields outside computer science, including "philosophy, phenomenology, anthropology, psychology, post-Modernism, sociology of science and feminist criticism."philosophy phenomenologyanthropologypsychology post-Modernismsociology of science feminist criticism

History He was explicit about "the humanistic origins of the ‘invisible ideal in post- modernist thought'",[7] referencing as well the ironically dystopian Philip K. Dick novel Ubik.[7]dystopianPhilip K. Dick Ubik

History MIT has also contributed significant research in this field, notably Hiroshi Ishii's Things That Think consortium at the Media Lab[8] and the CSAIL effort known as Project Oxygen.[9]MITMedia Lab[8] Project Oxygen[9]

History Other major contributors include Georgia Tech's College of Computing, NYU's Interactive Telecommunications Program, UC Irvine's Department of Informatics, Microsoft Research, Intel Research and Equator,[10] Ajou University UCRi & CUS.[11]Georgia TechCollege of ComputingNYU Interactive Telecommunications Program UC Irvine Microsoft ResearchIntel[10]Ajou University UCRi[11]

References 1.^ J. York, P.C. Pendharkar, "Human–computer interaction issues for mobile computing in a variable work context," Int. J. Human-Computer Studies 60 (2004) 771–797^ 2.^ Hansmann, Uwe (2003). Pervasive Computing: The Mobile World. Springer. ISBN ^ ISBN ^ "World Haptics Conferences". Haptics Technical Committee. Retrieved ^"World Haptics Conferences" 4.^ a b Poslad, Stefan (2009). Ubiquitous Computing Smart Devices, Smart Environments and Smart Interaction. Wiley. ISBN abUbiquitous Computing Smart Devices, Smart Environments and Smart InteractionISBN ^ Weiser, Mark (1991). "The Computer for the 21st Century". Retrieved ^Weiser, Mark"The Computer for the 21st Century" 6.^ Weiser; Gold; Brown ( ). "Ubiquitous computing". Retrieved ^"Ubiquitous computing" 7.^ a b Weiser, Mark ( ). "Ubiquitous computing". Retrieved abWeiser, Mark"Ubiquitous computing" 8.^ T-Engine, arguably the most advanced ubiquitous computing platform in the world^ 9.^ 10.^ "MIT Media Lab - Things That Think Consortium". MIT. Retrieved ^"MIT Media Lab - Things That Think Consortium"MIT 11.^ "MIT Project Oxygen: Overview". MIT. Retrieved ^"MIT Project Oxygen: Overview"MIT 12.^ "Equator". UCL. Retrieved ^"Equator"UCL 13.^ "Center_of_excellence_for_Ubiquitous_System". CUS. Retrieved ^"Center_of_excellence_for_Ubiquitous_System"