1 Classification

2 Aristotle

Dichotomous key 3 a key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characterstics

4 Carolus Linnaeus Classification system Taxonomic groups of related organisms Binomial nomenclature (two names) Homo sapiens

5 Taxonomic Groups Organisms are classified beyond just genus and species. There are 8 levels of classification (taxa) It moves from general or large to specific or small.

An example…. Domain – Universe Kingdom – Milky Way (galaxy) Phylum – Solar system Class – Earth (planet) Order – N. America (continent) Family – USA (country) Genus – NC (state) Species – Winston Salem (city) 6

7 Classification of Man

8 Species “Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.” Reproductively isolated group Ernst Mayr

9 Different Species

Evolution… 10

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12 * * Archaea - live in extreme conditions

13 Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria Single celled Prokaryotic – no membrane bound organelles Make or absorb food Cell wall –peptidoglycan

14 Kingdom Archaea Single celled Prokaryotic – no membrane bound organelles Make or absorb food DNA –Similar to Eukaryotic Cell wall –Pseudopeptidoglycan or protein only

15 Kingdom Protista Single celled Eukaryotic – has membrane bound organelles Ingest or produce food

16 Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Eukaryotic - has membrane bound organelles Cell wall –Chitin Absorb food

17 Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotic - has membrane bound organelles Cell wall –Cellulose Produce food –photosynthesis

18 Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Eukaryotic - has membrane bound organelles No cell wall Ingest food Motile (move)

19 Terminology Classification –Assigning organisms to different catagories based on their relationship Taxonomy –The science of naming organisms Systematics –Determining evolutionary relationships of organisms Phylogeny –Evolutionary history

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21 Cladogram Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms Each clad (group) share something in common (TRAITS) Ancestral traits are the oldest Derived traits evolved later

22 Cladogram for Transportation Wheels are the most ancestral Wings are the most derived

23 Construct a Cladogram

24 Gorilla Four limbs Fur Lost tail

25 Tiger Four limbs Fur Tail

26 Lizard Four limbs Tail

27 Fish Tail

28 Chimpanzee Four limbs Fur Lost tail

29 Clad With 4 Limbs

30 Clad With Fur

31 Clad With No Tail

32 Characteristics for Constructing Cladogram Tail is the most ancestral Four limbs is the oldest derived trait Fur is a later derived trait Loss of tail is the most derived trait

33 GorillaChimpanzee Tiger Lizard Fish Four Limbs Fur Tail Lost

34 Gorilla Tail? How do we know the gorilla lost its tail?

35 Gorilla’s Vestigial Tail Gorilla Human

36 Synapomorphy A derived character shared by two or more groups. –Fur is a synapomorphy for the various groups of mammals. –Synapomorphies are used to determine evolutionary relationships

37 Phylogenetic Tree Shows evolutionary relationships More historical than cladogram

38 MyxozoaMyxozoa ArthropodaArthropoda AnnelidaAnnelida MolluscaMollusca LophophoratesLophophorates HemichordataHemichordata ChordataChordata OtherpseudocoelomatesOtherpseudocoelomates NematodaNematoda PoriferaPorifera CtenophoraCtenophora CnidariaCnidaria PlacozoaPlacozoa PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes NemerteaNemertea CiliophoraCiliophora SarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophora MicrosporaMicrospora ApicomplexaApicomplexa MesozoaMesozoa EchinodermataEchinodermata CrustaceaCrustacea ChelicerataChelicerata UniramiaUniramia ProtochordatesProtochordates

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40 Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

41 Fish Fins Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth Gills

42 Amphibian 4 limbs Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth Metamorphisis

43 Reptile 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Homodont teeth Scales Exothermic

44 Bird 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg No teeth Feathers Endothermic

45 Mammal 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Heterodont teeth Fur or hair Endothermic

46 Birds Mammals Reptile Amphibian Fish Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Endothermic Fur Feathers Vertebrae

47 Monophyletic A group of all the descendants of a common ancestor The common ancestor is in the group Example: Mammalia –Ancestor was a mammal like reptile

48 Paraphyletic A group of descendants of a common ancestor Including the common ancestor Not all descendants are included Example: Reptiles –Does not include birds and mammals

49 Polyphyletic A group that has some similarities Differing common ancestors in the group Not all descendants are included Example: Flying vertebrates

50 Bilateral Symmetry 7-9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 7.9 Sagittal plane

51 Anatomical Terms Anterior –Head end (front side in upright man) Posterior –Tail end (back side in upright man) Dorsal –Back side Ventral –Belly side

52 Anatomical Terms (cont) Medial –Close to the middle Lateral –Close to the side Distal –Away from the main part Proximal –Close to the main part

53 Anatomical Terms (cont) Oral –End with the mouth Aboral –Opposite end of the mouth Cephalic –Toward head Caudal –Toward tail

54 Bilateral Symmetry

55 Radial Symmetry

56 Asymmetry