Anterior Pituitary Adrenal Gland Pancreas Endocrine Disorders Potpourri

What is the target for the hormone prolactin, and what does it do?

Prolactin targets the mammary glands to produce breast milk.

What are the primary target tissues for Human Growth Hormone

Bones, Cartilage, Muscles

What does “ FSH ” stand for and what is it ’ s role?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone stimulates follicle maturation in females and sperm production in males.

What does “ ACTH ” stand for and what is it ’ s function?

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones such as aldosterone and cortisol

What does “ LH ” stand for and what is it ’ s role?

Luteinizing Hormone stimulates the testes to produce testosterone and in females stimulates the corpus luteum of the ovaries to produce progesterone and estrogen.

Double Jeopardy!!!

Where is the adrenal gland located?

The adrenal gland is a triangular shaped organ just above each kidney.

Name one hormone secreted from the Medulla of the Adrenal gland & it ’ s function

Adrenalin / Noradrenalin / Epinephrine / Norepinephrine are secreted from the medulla and they act on the same organs as the sympathetic nervous system: Increase HR, BR, dilate bronchioles etc.

What does “ Adrena ” mean?

Ad = above; Renal = Kidney Adrenal = Above Kidney

What is the function of cortisol and which hormone stimulates it ’ s release?

Cortisol secretion is stimulated by ACTH. Cortisol causes the breakdown of proteins into amino acids so that amino acids can be used to synthesize glucose required for cellular respiration

Describe the function of the cortical hormone Aldosterone

Aldosterone causes salt to be reabsorbed in the kidney and thus water is also retained.

What is the primary exocrine function of the pancreas?

The pancreas is an exocrine gland and produces and secretes digestive enzymes

What name is given to the grouping of alpha and beta cells that produce the pancreatic hormones?

The small groupings of alpha and beta cells in the pancreas are called the Islets of Langerhaans

Explain the physiological response when sugar / glucose levels in the blood increase past required levels.

When blood glucose is high, insulin is secreted which causes cells to increase their uptake of glucose.

Glucagon targets which organ & why?

Glucagon causes the liver to increase the conversion of glycogen to glucose.

In the Edmonton Protocol, which organ are the islets of Langerhaans transplanted to and why?

The Islets are transplanted to the liver as it is a more supportive tissue that can regenerate easier and has a higher blood flow to promotoe islet growth.

Why is it important that humans ingest small quantities of iodine?

Iodine is a chemical component of Thyroxine

Somebody that is overweight from a young age is at risk of developing diabetes mellitus. Why?

Cells of the body become less responsive to insulin and thus blood glucose levels remain high

Diabetes Insipidus is caused by a malfunction of which hormone system?

Diabetes is caused by a deficiency of ADH or an inability of receptors to recognize or respond to ADH thereby producing increased urine output

A goitre results from hyperactivity of the thyroid. What is this disease called, and name one possible cause.

Hyperthyroidism could result because of a low level of functional thyroxine and thus no negative feedback. TSH would constantly stimulate the thyroid. Lack of iodine would prevent functional thyroxine from being formed.

Type II Diabetes Mellitus is the results of a weakened response to which hormone, and what type of cells secrete this hormone?

Type II diabetes mellitus results from a lack of response to insulin which is produced in the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans.

Name two non-target / non- specific hormones

Any two of the following: Growth Hormone Insulin Adrenaline / Epinephrine

Which side of the pituitary produces it ’ s own hormones?

Anterior Pituitary

Name two locations where the nervous system and the endocrine system interact directly

Hypothalamus / Pituitary complex and the adrenal gland

What is the function of parathyroid hormone?

Parathyroid hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels and causes the release of Ca 2+ from the bones, as well as increased Ca 2+ absorbtion in the digestive system & kidneys.

Final Jeopardy Category: Feedback Inhibition

Final Jeopardy Draw a feedback loop / flowchart for the adrenal hormone cortisol

Pituitary ACTH Adrenal Cortex Cortisol Increase protein breakdown & [Amino Acid] (-)