Foreign Policy after Vietnam and the End of the Cold War Goal 12

Essential Idea  The Reagan Doctrine led to the end of the Cold War.

Carter Elected  Ford’s Action: Ford pardoned Nixon  Why Ford did it: so the country could move on  Result: Jimmy Carter easily beat Ford in the Election of 1976

Zionist Movement  Zionism – the idea that Jews should have a homeland  The Holocaust helped the Zionist Movement gain strength

Creation of Israel  In 1948, land was set aside from Palestine by the United Nations to create Israel

Middle-East Conflict  This area is still a source of conflict between Palestinians, who are Arab and Muslim, and Israelites, who are Jews  Creating Israel Creating Israel

Yom Kippur War  The Yom Kippur War pitted Syria and Egypt (Arab) against Israel (Jewish)  Camp David Accords – moderated by President Carter, Israel and Egypt agreed to peace  Yom Kippur War Yom Kippur War

Arabs Unhappy with the Peace  It was the first time an Arab/Muslim country recognized Israel as a country  Egypt's leader, Anwar Sadat, was later assassinated by Arabs

Covert Operations in Iran  1953  Iran and the Soviet Union began negotiating a deal to trade oil  America was worried that Iran would become communist

The Rule of the Shah  The CIA secretly overthrew the government and installed the Shah (King) of Iran  1979  Iran had a revolution  The Shah was removed  The Ayatollah Khomeini, a fundamentalist Muslim, was put in power

Iranian Hostage Crisis  Iranian Hostage Crisis  52 Americans were taken hostage in response to Carter helping the Shah  They were held for 444 days until Carter was replaced by Ronald Reagan  Foreign Policy in Iran Foreign Policy in Iran

Détente  Foreign Policy under Nixon:  Détente – have a “live and let live” approach with communist countries in order to ease Cold War tension

Carter Abandons Détente  Foreign Policy under Carter:  Carter strongly believed in human rights, which he thought the Soviets violated  Soviet War in Afghanistan:  When the Soviets went to war with Afghanistan, America sided with Afghanistan

Helping Afghanistan Against the Soviet Union  Carter boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow  America sent aid to Afghan fighters, including Osama Bin Laden

The Iran-Contra Scandal  The Problem: Iranian Hostage Crisis  What Reagan secretly did: in exchange for the hostages, Reagan sold weapons to Iran  What Reagan did with the money: used the money to fund Contras, who were anti- communists in Nicaragua (breaking détente)

The Iran-Contra Scandal  Why it was a scandal:  Iran was considered an enemy (you don’t sell weapons to enemies!)  Congress had forbidden giving aid to Contras (even though they were anti- communist, America was practicing détente at the time)  Iran-Contra Scandal Iran-Contra Scandal

Reagan’s Foreign Policy  1. Containment  What it said: prevent communism from spreading  2. Truman Doctrine  What it said: protect Greece and Turkey from communism  3. Eisenhower Doctrine  What it said: protect the Middle East from communism  4. Détente  What it said: make peace with communism (“live and let live”)

The Reagan Doctrine  5. Reagan Doctrine  What it said: DESTORY COMMUNISM  The Difference: Reagan did not want to “put up with” communism, he wanted to end it completely (destroy it)

Enforcing the Reagan Doctrine  Strategy #1: “Peace through Strength”  Reagan authorized a massive build up of the military  Reagan hoped the Soviet Union’s economy would collapse while trying to keep up the arms race

Peace through Strength  Strategic Defense Initiative – nicknamed “Star Wars”, this program sought to build weapons that could intercept missiles (in space)  Was this realistic at the time?

Proxy Wars  Strategy #2: Proxy Wars  Proxy wars – rather than fight the Soviet Union directly, America would help countries fighting the Soviet

Proxy Wars  Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan were proxy wars  This kept America and the Soviet Union from fighting directly and starting nuclear war  The Reagan Doctrine The Reagan Doctrine  Where did we fight in the 1950s?  Where did we fight in the 1960s?  Where is Afghanistan?  What can be said about all the places we fought/were involved in during the Cold War?

Soviets Near Collapse  New Soviet Leader: Mikhail Gorbachev  Change #1: Perestroika – allowed for more economic freedom  Change #2: Glasnost – allowed more freedom of speech and religion

Reagan Keeps the Pressure On  1985 (Germany)  Reagan visited West Berlin, aware that the Soviet Union was near collapse  In a speech, Reagan demanded Gorbachev tear down the Berlin Wall  Reagan’s Speech Reagan’s Speech

Tiananmen Square  1989 (China)  Chinese students held a massive protest at Tiananmen Square  The world watched as the students were attacked by the Chinese military  Chinese Protest Communist Rule Chinese Protest Communist Rule

Freedom vs. Oppression

The Iron Curtain Raises  1989 (Eastern Europe)  Eastern European countries began having revolutions  Communist governments were turned into democratic governments

Fall of the Berlin Wall  1989 (Germany)  The Berlin Wall was torn down  Germany was reunited as a democratic country

Soviet Union Collapses, Cold War Ends  1991 (Soviet Union)  The Soviet Union collapsed (Russia again!)  Boris Yeltsin became president  The Cold War ended  The Cold War Ends The Cold War Ends

 What was the effect of the Reagan Doctrine?