Cargo broker acts as an intermediary between charterers and ship owners, to help Charterers look for ships to move their cargoes, and ship owners to look for cargoes to earn freight. Is actively involved throughout the deal: presenting the business to potential clients, negotiating main terms of the fixture, finalizing the contract and following the fixture through to its conclusion. Provides expert industry advice to charterers and ship owners, including market surveillance and intelligence. 1

1. Cargo ships…..split into four (4) sectors based on economic activities namely (a) general cargo transport, (b) dry bulk transport, (c) oil and chemical transport, (d) liquid gas transport 2. Offshore oil, mobile structure, supply ships 3. Non-cargo ships….tugs, dredgers, fishing boats, passenger ships, research ships 2

1) Container-ship… cellular ‘lift on lift off” exclusively for carriage of containers 2) Ro-Ro… multi-deck vessels, no public area, carry cargo on deep-sea routes 3) Barge carrier … carry 500-ton standard barge which are floated or lifted on and off the ship 4) Reefer ships….refrigerated, palletised 3

5) General cargo… purpose-built cargo liner, fast, multiple decks, extensive cargo gears but poor container capacity 6) Multi-Purpose ships… fast speed, good container capacity, ability to carry break bulk/other unitised cargo such as forest products, heavy lifts and project cargo 4

1) Bulk carrier..capesize (carry ore, coal), panamax (carry coal, grain), handymax, handy 2) Open hatch (designed for unit loads) 3) Ore carrier 4) Woodchip carrier 5) Vehicle carrier (multiple deck) 6) Cement carrier 5

1) Crude tanker….VLCC, suezmax, panamax 2) Product tanker…..crude tanker, long haul 3) Chemical tanker 4) Combined carrier Two (2) Liquid Gas 1) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LNG) sophisticated freezing system 2) Liquefied Nitrogen Gas (LPG) 6

Is a parcel transported in a single ship Players are ship owner, operators, commodity traders, and cargo owners Bulk carriers (4 sizes) 1. Handy (10,000-39,000) dwt 2. Handymax (40,000-59,000) dwt 3. Panamax (60,000-99,000) dwt 4. Capesize (over 100,000) dwt 7

1) Liquid bulk e.g crude oil, oil products 2) Major dry bulk e.g iron ore, coal, and grain 3) Minor bulk e.g agri bulk such as soya bean, sugar, rice, fertilizer, metal steel, minerals, and forest products “It is the ships used rather than the commodity type”…. Bulk cargo 8

USA, Europe and Asia, India and Middle East, South America Cargo carried annually in the region of 60 million tons of organic and inorganic chemicals…… and million tons of vegetable oil, alcohol, molasses, lubricating oil….. Organics are petrochemicals contain carbon and are made from crude oil and natural gas or coal. Ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene…used in the plastic and artificial fibre industry are some of examples 9

Inorganic are products such as phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid used in a fertilizer industry, caustic soda in aluminium industry Vegetable oils (derived from seed of plants) include palm oil, soya beans Molasses are by-products of sugar refining operations, thick brown syrup/ram/animal feeds Safety is paramount 10

Products such as phosphoric acid are very dense, corrosive to metal such as iron and zinc These products are carried in tank coated with stainless steel, rubber or acid-proof paints Loaded and discharged through stainless pipes, transferring rate 600 to per hr. In ports the acids are stored in steel cisterns with a rubber lining standing in concrete tanks that can hold the content in case of leakage 11

Three (3) ship types: 1) Chemical Parcel Tanker, average size 15,000 dwt, over 75% of the tanks are segregated with separate cargo handling facilities, and the average tank size <2,700 cubic meter 2) Bulk Chemical Tanker with average size 13,380 dwt, tank size >2,700, over 75% of tank are segregated 1) Chemical Product Tanker with 51-75% tanks segregated, average tank size >2,700 cubic meters Cargo pipe lines categories/varies…cargo tanks are served directly by a single bottom line to each cargo pump Independent line system/minimum chances of contamination of cargoes 12

Tank coating is widely used on chemical tankers Epoxy coated tanks are suitable for carriage of animal fats and vegetable oils Zinc silicate high resistance to aromatic hydrocarbon such as benzene, not resistant to acid or alkalis Ventilation is critical…harmful gas should always be suspected in an empty tank due to: a. Lack of oxygen; b. residue of cargo on tank walls/bottom; c. Rust, sludge, cargo vapours when subjected to heat d. Leakage from adjacent tanks 13

Gas freeing/displacement in conjunction with tank cleaning operation to completely remove the cargo vapour from the tank and replace with fresh air or inert gas Cargo heating 1) by heating coils (acid resistant stainless steel coil fitted in cargo tanks, 2) deck heater (heated by flow of cargo through deck installed heater) Tank cleaning/cleaning solution procedures depending on groups, 1) animal and vegetable fats and oil, 2) minerals oils, 3) petrochemicals and solvents Safety during loading, transit, and discharging 14

The transportation, handling and installation of heavy items such as generator, satellites, and boilers which are indivisible Very challenging/complex handled by specialized logisticians highest degree of safety and reliability. Usually ranging from one (1) to >1000 tons and of widths/heights of more than 100 meters that are too large to fit into normal containers or onto conventional transporters. 15

The main characteristics is the absence of standardization. It comprises of various shapes/sizes, and forms which make transport planning difficult. Generators, turbines, reactors, boilers, towers, casting, locomotives, boats, satellites, military equipment, oil exploration machinery ( parts of oil rigs and production platforms), earthmoving and mining equipment, transport vehicles, cranes, excavators, wheel loaders. 16

Platform supply vessel Anchor-Handling tug Fibre optic/cable installation support vessel Diving support vessel Pipe lying support vessel Research vessel Barge Services such as casting, blasting, welding and repair works of maritime structures such as ports 17

THANK YOU 18