CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES-1 Guided By: Dr.Swati Sharma Prof.Anshul Sharma Prepared By : Modi Vatsal D ( ) Mistry Nikhil S ( ) Panchal Pratik ( ) Panchal Bhavik ( ) Modi Ronak ( ) Modi Krishil ( ) Modi Harsh ( ) 1 CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

Water conditioning is a method of removing or altering minerals, chemicals and contaminants from a water source. Water conditioning counteracts hardness in water to prevent a build up of lime scale. Although water conditioning is technically a broader term for any process that changes the characteristics of water, it is also widely used to mean water softening. Water conditioning may also be used when referring to water filtration or purification to improve the taste and potability of drinking water. Most water is conditioned for human consumption, but water purification may also be utilized for a variety of other purposes, such as industrial applications. 2CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Boiling  Sunlight Exposure  Chlorination  Flocculation  Filtration - Straining  Three-Pot Treatment 3CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Equipment/Skill Required: ◦ Water container ◦ Intense heat – fuel (wood, gas, etc) – Preferably a fuel efficient stove ◦ Must be able to produce heat  Process: ◦ Water should be placed in a container and heated until boiling. ◦ The water should be allowed to boil for at least 10 minutes. ◦ Once cooled the water will be ready to use. 4CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

Advantages –Simple and effective method of purification –Will kill many waterborne bacteria through the intense heat –Uses local available materials Disadvantages –Can sometimes be difficult, time consuming, and cost inefficient because of the high volume of fuel used –Will not remove mud from ‘murky’ water –Will not remove suspended or dissolved compounds 5CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Equipment/Skill Required: ◦ Disposable clear plastic bottles (glass bottles should not be used as they do not let enough sunlight into the water) ◦ Bright sunlight  Process: ◦ Fill a clean bottle, leaving a quarter empty. ◦ Put the top on and shake the bottle for 20 seconds. ◦ The bottled should then be left in sunlight (usually on the roof of your home) for one day (or two days if the sky is cloudy) ◦ Drink the water straight from the bottle to avoid cross-contamination. ◦ In the rainy season, paint one side of the bottle black. This will increase the water temperature quicker. ◦ The painted side should be placed underneath 6CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Advantages: ◦ Kills harmful bacteria and pathogens ◦ Simple, convenient and inexpensive ◦ If used correctly, the water is as clean as boiled water ◦ Will not change the taste of water  Disadvantages: ◦ Will not remove mud from ‘murky’ water ◦ A 6-12 hour waiting period 7CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Equipment/skill required: ◦ Household bleach ◦ Water vessel ◦ Stirrer ◦ Clearest water possible  Process: ◦ Boil the water for 5 minutes ◦ Add the bleach to water. ◦ Stir thoroughly. ◦ Let it stand for at least 30 minutes. 8CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Advantages: ◦ Easy to use method of chemical purification of water ◦ Effective at killing bacteria and viruses ◦ Inexpensive  Disadvantages: ◦ Not effective at killing all parasites. ◦ Complex compounds can form with organic material which over time can be hazardous to health. ◦ It is best to use the water in a shorter period of time and store it in a plastic container in a cool and shaded place. 9CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Advantages: ◦ Proven reduction of viruses, bacteria, protozoa ◦ Pesticide and heavy metal removal ◦ Simple technology and use  Disadvantages: ◦ May be toxic if used improperly ◦ Could be more expensive and complicated than other methods due to increased number of required materials and skill ◦ Requires multiple steps 10CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Letting water collected during the day settle over night can be an effective way of improving the clearness of water by reducing turbity (very murky water) and is a cheap alternative to sand filtering.  However you must leave undisturbed for a sufficient period of time (at least 10 hours), out of sunlight (at night), in a sealed container is best.  Warning: Must be used in conjunction with Filtering. This is only a pre-treatment to make Filtering more effective!! 11CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

Resources courtesy of Health Education to Villagers 12CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Advantages: ◦ Cost effective ◦ Immediate access to water ◦ Filters out all particles that are larger than the pores in the barrier ◦ Can be cleaned and reused ◦ Does not alter taste of water  Disadvantages: ◦ Does not guarantee removal of all virus particles and infectious contaminants, chemicals, pollutants, chemicals and poor tastes ◦ Should not be used as a sole purification method 13CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Equipment/skill required: ◦ 3 water vessels/pots for processing; 1 for collection of dirty water and 1 for collection of clean water ◦ if possible - a flexible pipe to siphon water as it disturbs sediment less than pouring ◦ if possible - a cloth or any filtration barrier  Process: ◦ Pour water into the first pot (pouring it through cloth increases efficiency). ◦ Let the water settle for as many hours as possible – a length of just one day can kill of more than 50% of most bacteria. ◦ Pour water into a second pot, let it settle again. ◦ Then pour into the third pot and let it settle again. ◦ Drinking water is drawn from the third pot only. 14CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

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 Advantages: ◦ Cost effective ◦ Easy to use and maintain ◦ Bacterial contamination levels decrease through settlement and over time  Disadvantages: ◦ Does not guarantee complete removal of some bacteria and micro- organisms ◦ Could take a few days to treat water 16CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

disinfection cation exchange anion exchange filtration adsorption demineralization pH adjustment oxidation Match the pollutant with the correct process! 17CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Evaluate Existing Source  Maintenance and Inspection  Repair Existing Source  Pollution Control Measures  Treatment- POU, POE, or other Explore all of them before taking action! 18CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

continuouschlorination Issues: 1)Chlorine Demand 2)Bacterial Levels 3)Other Water Quality problems like: iron, sulfur, and odors 4)Alkalinity and pH of water may need adjustment 19CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

U-V Tube U-V Sterilizer The Selection of UV Unit system depends on the following: a)General Water Quality b)Turbidity c)Hardness d)Iron and Manganese e)Bacterial Levels f)Source Water Type and Overall Water Quality ? 20CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

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 Uses ◦ Remove man-made organic chemicals ◦ Remove miscellaneous tastes and odor from water assuming no bacterial problems ◦ Remove radon gas from water  Maintenance ◦ Carbon must be replaced routinely 22CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

Acid (Corrosive Water) ControlWater Limestone chips or calcite Gravel 23CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Form and concentration is important ◦ Oxidized = visible, orange stain ◦ Reduced = colourless  Removal Methods ◦ Water Softener ◦ Chlorination / Filtration ◦ Oxidizing Filter ◦ Ozone 24CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Hot water only? ◦ Adjust water heater to a temperature of 160C for 12 to 24 hours and then flush ◦ remove or replace rod in heater (Warranty Issues)  Carbon Filtration- no bacterial problem  Chlorination/ Contact Tank / Filtration  Aeration- no bacterial problem  Oxidizing filter- manganese greensand 25CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Force water through membrane  Removes many contaminants 26CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

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 Heat water to boiling  Condense vapour  Ions left behind  Energy intensive Heat Source Cooling Water Raw Water Treated Water Steam 28CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

Typically these are small carbon-block filters that will remove particles, reduce odors and taste problems, and have a limited exchange capacity for hardness and trace metals. Units are rated for Water that meets Drinking Water Standards Not for Water with Levels above the Drinking Water Standard 29CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Have your water tested by a reputable accredited, approved, and/or certified lab -Don’t rely on in-home water test results. -Don’t rely on free water tests.  Consult unbiased water quality experts and get multiple quotes for a system.  Explore all alternatives ◦ Well rehabilitation, New source, Local Pollution Control, Maintenance 30CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Seek reputable companies that have been around  Ask for customer references  Research company history  Beware of hard sale techniques (scare tactics)  Ask about maintenance requirements  Get a detailed warranty  Look for NSF and WQA certifications  EPA certification means nothing  Get everything in writing!  If it sounds too good - it is! 31CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

Sample No. 1 TestResultMaximum Contaminant Level (MCL) Coliform bacteria2 /100 mL<1 /100 mL Nitrate-N1 mg/L 10 mg/L pH to 8.5** Hardness100 mg/L 6 gpg No MCL (7-10 gpg is very hard) Iron0 mg/L0.3 mg/L ** gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L), ** = Recommended standard (RMCL) Shock chlorination and retesting, possible continuous disinfection 32CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

Sample No. 2 TestResultMaximum Contaminant Level (MCL) Coliform bacteria150 /100 mL<1 /100 mL Nitrate-N1 mg/L 10 mg/L pH to 8.5** Hardness100 mg/L 6 gpg No MCL (7-10 gpg is very hard) Iron0 mg/L0.3 mg/L ** gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L),** = Recommended standard (RMCL) Shock Treatment and Retesting and Possibly Chlorination or UV light or Ozone 33CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

Sample No. 3 TestResultMaximum Contaminant Level (MCL) Coliform bacteria0 /100 mL<1 /100 mL Nitrate-N1 mg/L 10 mg/L pH to 8.5** Hardness34 mg/L 2 gpg No MCL (7-10 gpg is very hard) Iron7.0 mg/L0.3 mg/L ** gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L),** = Recommended standard (RMCL) Oxidizing filter or Ozone 34CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

Sample No. 4 TestResultMaximum Contaminant Level (MCL) Coliform bacteria0 /100 mL<1 /100 mL Nitrate-N1 mg/L 10 mg/L pH to 8.5** Hardness154 mg/L 9 gpg No MCL (7-10 gpg is very hard) Iron0.5 mg/L0.3 mg/L ** gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L),** = Recommended standard (RMCL) Water softener 35CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

Sample No. 6 TestResultMaximum Contaminant Level (MCL) Coliform bacteria0 /100 mL<1 /100 mL Nitrate-N27 mg/L 10 mg/L pH to 8.5** Hardness100 mg/L 6 gpg No MCL (7-10 gpg is very hard) Iron0 mg/L0.3 mg/L ** gpg = grains per gallon (1 gpg = 17.1 mg/L), ** = Recommended standard (RMCL) POU system or anion exchange 36CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 Water purification is the technique of removing undesirable chemicals, materials and biological contaminants from raw water.  Hard water causes scale build up in hot water pipes and heaters. This scale acts as an insulating material, which reduces heat transmission, wastes fuel and often causes heating element failure. Water conditioning reduces these hard-water problems.  Since water conditioning does not remove the hard minerals from the water and cannot provide all of the benefits of soft water, choosing between a conditioning system and a water softening system depends on water quality. One should consider mineral buildup problems and chemical contaminants in water when selecting a conditioning method. 37CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

 The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Hard water". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 March  Stephen Lower (July 2007). "Hard water and water softening". Retrieved  Elmhurst College - Cleansing action of soap. "Soft Water V. Hard Water In Plumbing, Pools And Hot Tubs Spas". Retrieved  "Water Softeners". Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation. Retrieved  Filtration Facts, September 2005, U.S. Environmental Protection Administration, pp Accessed 6 January CPI-1 ALA (Water Conditioning)

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