GUIDELINES POET’S PURPOSE in writing and THEME the text deals withWHY has the poem been written? POETIC TECHNIQUES = literary conventions, how language is used in poetry HOW is the poem written? READER and the reading publicTO WHOM is the poem addressed? VOICE that speaks to you in the poem (of the poet or of a character separate from him / her?) WHO is the voice speaking in the poem? CONTENT = the story it tells, the landscape it describes, the character it evokes, the experience it recreates, etc.. WHAT is the poem about ?

THE SOUND OF THE POEM Poetry conveys meanings, creates effects and evokes responses in ways that resemble MUSIC. HOW are sounds used and organized to produce certain effects? THE POEM ON THE PAGE Poetry was originally an oral form of art, but since the invention of printing the importance of printed poem has grown steadily. HOW does the LAY-OUT of a poem affect its meaning? THE LANGUAGE IN THE POEM The words which poets use are often those of ordinary communication. WHAT makes the language of a poem seem “POETIC” ?

POETRY = Something made or created (Greek : poiein ) POEM = piece of creative writing in verse form, expressing deep feeling or noble thought in beautiful language VERSE = pattern of lines and sounds POET = creator LINGUISTIC & FORMAL ASPECTS = LANGUAGE chosen and arranged to establish meaningful connections and introduce images MUSICAL qualities = SOUND (presence or absence of rhyme and rhythm) VISUAL qualities = LAY- OUT (printed form on the page and length of lines. Structural organization) CONTENT (THEME) LINES = meaningful arrangement of words of variable length STANZAS = group of lines of fixed (quatrains- tercet) or variable length LANGUAGE = material out of which the poet creates his/her WORK OF ART

POETIC CONVENTIONS = POETIC CONVENTIONS = literary devices employed to write poems ex:. IAMBIC METRE Unstress - stress (short vowel -long vowel) ALLITERATION = repetition of the initial consonant sound in 2 or more words in a line or consecutive lines RHYTHM = depends on a regular design of stresses and pauses which alternate regularly to produce musical effects RHYME = lines rhyme when their last words make the same sound RHYME SCHEME = indentified by the letters of the alphabet (1) SOUND PATTERNS CHOICE OF WORDS Pleasant musical effects (vowels, semi-vowels, liquid and nasal consonants are SMOOTH and SOFT) Harsh effects ( g – k – b – p – d - t )

POETIC CONVENTIONS METAPHOR = describing sthg. by saying it has the qualities of sthg. else SIMILE = compares two different things by introducing a concrete image PERSONIFICATION = human qualities to an idea, an object, an animal ONOMATOPOEIA OXYMORON = conjunction of seemingly contradictory expression (2) FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE ( figures of speech) FUNCTION of FIGURES of SPEECH Make scene more vivid Make the meaning clearer Intensify emotional impact Compress a lot of meanings into a few words Ex. The sunshine of her smile As white as snow Faith unfaithful kept him falsely true

FUNCTION and MEANING of POETIC CONVENTIONS SOUND LAY - OUT FIGURES of SPEECH Make scene more vivid Make meaning clearer Intensify emotional impact Compress a lot of meanings into a few words Give prominence to words in isolation Introduce divisions into parts of the poem Slow down pace of reading Draw visual representation of message itself Amuse reader Control pace of lines Emphasize key words Give unity binding lines /words together Aid to memorizing a poem Make poem pleasant to listen to

HOME POETIC FORM SONNETBALLAD ODEELEGY EPIC POEM Exercise: 1.a sad poem or song for someone who has died 2.a simple song or poem which tells a story 3.a 14-line poem with a formal pattern of line endings 4.a poem addressed to a person or a thing 5.a long narrative poem about the life and adventures of heroes or gods