Journal Entry Taylor was walking down the sidewalk when he fell and broke his femur. When he went to the hospital the doctor ordered ASA prn and MS 4mg TID. After spending 4 days in the hospital the pt left AMA.

Medical Terminology Unit 3 Skeletal System

Functions of the Skeletal System Bones act as framework of the body Bones support and protect internal organs Joints with muscles, ligaments and tendons make movement possible Calcium for normal nerve & muscle function stored in bones Red bone marrow important in formation of blood

The Structure of Bones

Bone Tissues Periostium – tough outer covering of bone Compact bone – hard, dense & strong outer layer of bone Spongy bone (cancellous) – lighter, less strong bone (contains red bone marrow) Medullary cavity – shaft in center long bone, contains yellow bone marrow

Bone Marrow Red bone marrow – located in spongy bone and is hematopoietic (means pertaining to formation of blood). Makes RBC, Hemoglobin, WBC and the beginnings of blood clotting cells Yellow bone marrow is in the medullary cavity and is composed of fat cells Important in that fat can escape in a fracture and cause fat embolism

Cartilage -smooth rubbery blue-white connective tissue that shock absorbs between joints Articular-covers Ends of bones Meniscus-curved, fibrous cartilage in joints like knee, TMJ Bursa – fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane/fluid

Anatomic Landmarks of Bone Diaphysis – the shaft of a long bone Epiphysis – covered with articular cartilage and is the wide end of a long bone Foramen – is an opening in bone through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass Process- normal projection on the surface of bone that serves as attachment for muscle and tendon

Joints Sutures – jagged line where bones join and form a joint that does not move Symphysis-cartilaginous joint such as pubic Synovial – ball and socket and hinge The moveable joints of the body. Lined with special cells that produce synovial fluid for lubrication.

Medical Specialties related to Skeletal System Chiropractor – DC – specializes in disorders involving misalignment of spine Orthopedic surgeon/orthopedist –MD- diagnosis, treats diseases and disorders of bones, muscles, joints Orthotics – makes/fits orthopedic appliances Doctor of Osteopathy –DO- treats health problems by manipulating position of bones Podiatrist- DP – disorders of foot Rheumatolotgist-MD- diagnosis & treat inflammation of connective tissues

Joint Pathology Ankylosis – loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure. Ankyl/o- means crooked, bent or stiff

Joint Pathology Hallux Valgus or Bunion – Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe causing the big toe to be forced laterally

Joint Pathology Luxation or dislocation – dislocation of bone from joint Subluxation – partial dislocation of bone from joint

Arthritis Inflammatory condition of one or more joints

Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis – autoimmune disease, symptoms are generalized, usually severe. Chronic and progressive. Synovial membranes become inflammed and thickened, other connective tissues are attacked and joints become swollen, painful and immobile. Often onset in ’s, 3x more women than men affected.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Changes

Arthritis Osteoarthritis – chronic disease of aging. Symptoms are joint pain, stiffness, aching, limited range of motion. Often called “wear and tear” arthritis. Can occur more frequently after traumatic injury to joint.

Osteoarthritis

QUIZ DAY!!!!! 10 MINS TO LOOK OVER YOUR NOTES AND SKELETON.

Pathology of Spine Herniated or ruptured disc – rupture or protrusion of intervertebral disc causing compression of spinal cord or spinal nerve roots. Diskectomy – surgical removal of an intervertebral disc.

Pathology of Spine Spondylosis (Spondyl/o- vertebrae) Any degenerative condition of vertebrae

Spina Bifida Congenital defect that occurs early in pregnancy in which the spinal canal fails to close around the spinal cord. Linked to a folic acid (vitamin) deficiency Spina Bifida Health Video | LIVESTRONG.COM

Curvatures of the Spine Kyphosis Kyph-hump “humpback”

Curvatures of the Spine Lordosis-abnormally forward curvature of lumbar spine, “swayback” Lord/o-bent backward

Curvatures of the Spine Scoliosis – abnormal lateral curvature of spine Scoli/o-curved

Pathology of Bones Osteomyelitis inflammation of bone and bone marrow

Pathology of Bones Rickets and Talipes (clubfoot )

Tumors of Bones Ewing’s Sarcoma – occur in diaphysis of long bones arm/leg and can spread rapidly to other parts of body Myeloma-malignant tumor of cells deriving from blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow -oma means tumor

Osteoporosis Marked loss of bone density and Increased Bone porosity Usually assoc With aging Often called “brittle bones”

Colles’ Fracture Fracture and dislocation of distal radius – usually associated with falling on outstretched hand. Common in osteoporosis. Also common with osteoporosis are hip fractures.

Vertebral Compression Fracture as result of osteoporosis

Fractures-Fx = Broken Bones

Comminuted Fracture

Greenstick Fracture

Transverse Fracture

Spiral fracture

Compound Fracture

Total Joint Arthroplasty Surgical replacement of damaged or diseased joint with an artificial joint. Also called total joint replacement. Common for knee and hip.

Traction- pulling force on limb distally to return bone/joint to alignment.

Femur Fractures

Closed Reduction with Immobilization Using traction to align bones without opening skin Then placing a cast or splint on fractured limb to hold in place until healed

External Fixation Using traction to align bones then placing pins through skin and into bone to hold in place. Pins are secured in place by metal fixation device on outside of body. Useful for comminuted fractures.

ORIF-open reduction, internal fixation Making surgical incision to reach fractured bone and return to correct alignment. Placing internal “hardware” such as pins, plates & screws or rods to hold the fracture in place for healing. Hardware may or may not be eventually removed.

Arthroscopy – visual internal exam of a joint

Craniotomy – surgical opening into cranium for brain surgery

Diagnostic Test: Bone Scan Bone Scan Injection of radioactive imaging contrast into blood stream that will concentrate in areas of bone where there is injury or disease and show up on a x-ray scan.

Bone Marrow Biopsy and Transplant A sample of bone marrow (biopsy) can be removed with a needle from iliac crest and tested for disease Bone marrow transplant is when a person’s own marrow is killed by radiation and chemotherapy. Then healthy donor marrow is injected into blood stream to take up residence in bone and grow non-diseased marrow.

Bone Density Testing – scan to determine density of bones. Useful to detect osteoporosis.