Genrich Altshuller (1926-1998) TRIZ - The Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems Similar technological problems gave rise to similar patents. Treads of system evolution: “The Eight Laws of Engineered Systems Evolution.” Inventions are vastly different in their degrees of inventiveness.

Wasteless Processing of Wood Beam Partitioning followed by integration Wood Waist Partitioning followed by integration Wood Beam Round logs are formed into rectangular beams (thus avoiding waste) by sawing them into triangular sectors and then gluing two sectors

Partitioning followed by integration Bullet proof glass in an aircraft Partitioning followed by integration Bullet-proof glass windows used on fighter aircraft initially had a serious defect. When a bullet hit the window a network of cracks would form and obstruct vision.   Now the windows are formed of smaller panes of glass, cemented to an acrylic plastic sheet. Transparent adhesive is used to join the edges of the glass panes. When a bullet hits, only the affected pane is covered by cracks.

Inventive Principles

Principle #5 Merging http://www.fordewind.spb.ru/seiskarif.htm http://www.fordewind.spb.ru/Info/Leatherman/MICRA.htm

Sweet pepper canning method Ideas Transition Given system Filter cleaning A filter used to treat fine-grained sand consists of a tube whose walls are coated with a porous, felt-like material. When air passes through the tube, the sand particles are trapped in the pores Problem: Cleaning such a filter is difficult Idea: Use slow increase of the pressure inside the chamber followed by abrupt pressure drop. System - analog Sweet pepper canning method Before sweet peppers can be canned, the stalk and seeds must be separated from the pod. Problem: This was done manually in the past – automation was difficult to implement because the pods are non-uniform in shape and size. Idea: In a modern canning method, the peppers are placed in an air-tight container, in which pressure is gradually increased to 8 atm; the pods shrink, resulting in fracturing at the weakest point, where the pod bottom joins the stalk. Compressed air penetrates the peppers at the fractures, and the pressure inside and outside the peppers equalizes. The pressure in the container is then quickly reduced; the pod bursts at its weakest point (which has been further weakened by fractures) and the pod bottom is ejected, taking the seeds with it.

TRIZ Basic Foundational Principles Ideality = (useful functions FU ‘ harmful functions FH) Contradictions Maximal use of resources Σ Functionality ` Σ Costs + Σ Harm Psychological inertia is analogous to what Thomas S. Kuhn in his book, כל מערכת נבנתה כדי לספק פעולה. מופיע בנוסחה של מערכת אידאלית. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, defines as one’s paradigms. Kuhn defines a paradigm as “the entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques and so on shared by the members of a given community.” The danger of paradigms is that they confine the solution space to the area inside the paradigm. An engineer competent in mechanics, for example, is unlikely to search for a solution in chemistry; it’s outside his paradigm.

TRIZ - The Method Inventive problem solving process example Ideal system – Ideal functions performance no harmful effects: Functional analysis Create a function model of a system to Identify and define problems in terms of contradictions 2. Solve problems using the Contradiction Matrix Theory, Separation Principles, Standard inventive solutions, Knowledge base of physical, chemical geometrical effects, etc..

What are the basic technical system components What are the basic technical system components? System completeness: the minimal composition of a viable and operable technical system that presents and performs minimal working efficiency. Source of power Engine Product Working Unit / Tool Transmission What is the energy supplied through? Were is the energy supplied from? Where is the energy supplied to? הגדרות של מערכת צבר של אלמנטים = טבעיים או מלאכותיים הקשורים זה בזה כדי לייצר ולקיים פעולה המוגדרת ע"י אדם. מהי מערכת טכנולוגית? לפי הטרמינולוגיה של TRIZ מערכת טכנולוגית מורכבת מחלקים בעלי תכונות שונות אשר מטרתם למלא פונקציה – תפקיד מוגדר ע"י האדם. המרכיבים הבסיסיים: מנוע, תמסורת, בקרה, מכשיר/כלי What is processed? Control Unit Which component manage the features of others?

Component Analysis Interaction Analysis Function Modeling Function Analysis Component Analysis Interaction Analysis Function Modeling תהליך זיהוי בעיה המצאתית רישום ומיפוי מרכיבי המערכת סיווג יחסי גומלין בין חלקי המערכת ניתוח תפקודי של המרכיבים זיהוי הפרמטרים המשתנים בפעילות המערכת זיהוי "סתירות" פתרון סתירות (בהרצאה הבאה...)

Film Dispenser ― Function Analysis: Component Model System Supersystem Slide bearings External objects Lid with slot Roll Film Box User’s hands Blade 11

Function Types The goal of function analysis is to identify specific disadvantages of an object - namely, harmful functions as well as useful functions performed insufficiently, and those that are performed excessively. Useful Subject Object Harmful Subject Object Excessive Subject Object Insufficient Subject Object

Film Dispenser ― Function Analysis: Function Model Box Stops External objects Holds Holds Stops Slide bearings Lid with slot Hold Snub Snubs Directs Deforms Roll Holds Film Rotates Pull Tear Holds Blade Cuts User’s hands 13

Component and Functional Analysis Example Function model for the filter system of an existing vacuum cleaner The example shows that the paper filter bag has the harmful effect “hinder air flow”. The motor protection filter also hinders the air flow and is needed for protecting the motor from the dust, thus eliminating the smell of “burned” dust. By reducing the harmful action (“hinder air flow”) of the two filters, the energy consumption of the vacuum cleaner during the use phase is decreased and is, therefore, one goal of the product developer. Contradiction: “good filter quality” and “low air resistance” of the filter system

Contradictions Every system consists conflicts, in TRIZ they are called: contradictions. For example weight vs. strength, speed vs. precision. An inventive solution satisfies both requirements. The contradiction occurs when we are trying to improve one parameter or characteristic of a technique (a technical system - TS or/and a technological process -TP) and then the same or other characteristics or parameters of the technique are affected negatively.

Technical Contradiction Parameter A improves, B gets worse.

Physical Contradiction A physical contradiction is a situation where a single parameter needs to be in opposite physical states, e.g., it needs to be Thin and Thick, Hot and Cold, Moving and Motionless, Conducive and not Conductive at the same time.

Physical contradictions Functional Material and Energetic Geometric Throw vs Catch Big vs Small Long vs Short Pull vs Push Density Symmetrical vs Asymmetrical Hot vs Cold Conductivity Parallel vs Intersecting Fast vs Slow Temperature Thin vs Thick Move vs Stay Time Round vs Noncircular Strong vs Weak Viscosity Sharp vs Dull Soft vs Hard Power Narrow vs Wide Cheap vs Expensive Friction Horizontal vs Vertical

Resolving Physical Contradictions 1. Separating Contradictory Demands: Separation in Time Separation in Space Separation upon condition Separation in System Level between system and is components 2. Satisfying Contradictory Demands 3. Bypassing Contradictory Demands

Problem solving example How to miniaturize the size of the printer? Restriction of reduction in the printer size is the standard width of the most widespread А4 paper which makes 210 mm. Contradiction: The printer should be the size of an А4 paper dimensions and should be less then the dimensions of an A4 paper in order to be portable. The contradiction was resolved by separation in space by using a geometrical effect. The sheet of a paper can be rolled up in a tube using less space.

Portable Printer Solution #1 The printer head in formed in a circle. Printer-ring stretches out the sheet of a paper roll up in a tube. The new printer is almost three times less, than its portable competitors working under the old circuit.

Portable Printer Solution #2 The contradiction it is resolved in structure change. Inventive Principle - Inversion. The printer moves, not the paper. It is possible to produce a very small printer that can print one character at a time. The printer can be moved manually.

Portable Printer Solution #2 The printer RMPT™ (Random Movement Printing Technology) the world's smallest and only fully format-independent printer. If the image is too wide to get in a single pass, you can move the printer back over the paper again to fill in the rest. http://www.brighthand.com/default.asp?newsID=11468

The Driving Forces of Technological Evolution Ideality, Innovation, Consumers, Resources