History Lippmann Photography 2014 History of Lippmann Photography Hans I. Bjelkhagen Hansholo Consulting Ltd 1

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Colour Imaging Technique Lippmann Photography is unique since it records the entire spectrum of an object or scene. It is a direct recording method of colour in the camera. The colour is recorded as a b/w interference pattern in the depth of the emulsion. The colour of the image is not caused by dyes or pigments in the emulsion, it is caused by light reflected off the recorded interference structure 2

History Lippmann Photography 2014 History of Lippmann Photography Invented in 1891 by Gabriel Lippmann (1845 – 1921) Lippmann's work has become known as interferential photography or interference colour photography was published in several papers Lippmann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention in

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Gabriel Lippmann’s Publications “La photographie des couleurs,” C. R. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 112, (1891) “La photographie des couleurs [deuxième note],” C. R. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 114, (1892) “Photographies colorées du spectre, sur albumine et sur gélatine bichromatées,” C. R. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci 115, 575 (1892) “Sur la théorie de la photographie des couleurs simples et composées par la méthode interférentielle,” J. Physique 3 (3), (1894) 4

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Lippmann in his Laboratory 5

History Lippmann Photography 2014 First Lippmann Photographs On the 2 nd of February 1891, Lippmann announced at the Académie de Sciences in Paris that he had succeeded in recording a true-colour spectrum. A little more than one year later, on the 25 th of April 1892, Lippmann gave a second presentation at the Académie de Sciences. This time he displayed four colour photographs of different objects: a stained-glass window in several colours, a bunch of flags, a dish of oranges with a red poppy, and a green parrot. 6

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Lippmann’s Spectrum Recording 7

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Spectrum Recorded by Lippmann 8

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Recording Principle 9

History Lippmann Photography

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Zeiss Lippmann Camera 11

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Photographs by Gabriel Lippmann 12

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Versailles by Lippmann 13

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Lippmann in a Lippmann Portrait 14

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Auguste and Louis Lumière The Lumière brothers improved the technique by introducing ultra-fine-grain silver halide emulsions for the recording (Lippmann used albumen emulsions for his early experiments) They prepared a special developer for such emulsions Louis Lumière recorded many beautiful Lippmann photographs including the first Lippmann portrait recorded in 1893 At the Int’l Photographic Congress in Geneva in 1893 the new Lippmann photographs were projected with a special projector designed by the Lumière brothers 15

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Early Lippmann Photographers Santiago Ramón y Cajal ( ) Herbert Ives ( ) Hermann Krone ( ) Hans Lehmann ( ) Gabriel Lippmann ( ) Auguste Lumière ( ) Louis Lumière ( ) Richard Neuhauss ( ) Edmond Rothé ( ) Edgar Senior ( ) Eduard Valenta ( ) Otto Wiener ( ) 16

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Dr Hans Lehmann (1875 – 1917) Lehmann worked for Zeiss in Jena, Germany, and designed equipment for Lippmann photography Commercial Lippmann plates were manufactured at Kranseder & Cie in Munich and later at Richard Jahr’s dry plate factory in Dresden based on Lehmann’s recipe Lehmann published many papers on Lippmann photography as well as a book on the technique. He made microscopic investigations of recorded emulsions 17

History Lippmann Photography 2014 A 1908 Photograph by Lehmann 18

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Dr Richard Neuhauss (1855 – 1915) Neuhauss was a physician from Berlin and made many beautiful Lippmann photographs In his Laboratory Notes, about 2500 recorded photographs are documented and he was probably the most successful Lippmann photographer In 1897 he was able to show that the predicted fringe structure in the emulsion was indeed recorded in the emulsion Neuhauss published a book on Lippmann photography 19

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Neuhauss’ Stuffed Parrot Neuhauss’ test object was most often a stuffed parrot which was installed on his balcony at his home in Gross-Lichterfelde. This plate was recorded It belongs to the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television in Bradford, UK 20

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Books on Lippmann Photography Valenta Neuhauss Lehmann 21

History Lippmann Photography 2014 Main Collections of Lippmann Photographs Switzerland: Musée de l'Elysée Lausanne, 18 avenue de l'Elysée, CH-1014 Lausanne France: Université Pierre et Marie Curie, L.D.M.C., Tour 22, 4 place Jussieu, F Paris Musée français de la Photographie, 78 rue de Paris, F Bièvres Société française de Photographie, rue Vivienne, F Paris Musée Nicéphore Niépce, 28 quai des Messageries, F Chalon-sur-Saône Norway: Preus Fotomuseum - Norsk Museum for Fotografi, PB 254, Nedrevej 8, N-3192 Horten Austria: Graphic Art College, VFG-GLV, Leyserstrasse 6, A-1140 Vienna England: The Royal Society of Photography, The Octagon, Milsom Street, Bath BA1 1DN The National Museum of Photography, Film and Television, Bradford, W. Yorkshire BD1 1NQ USA: Int'l Museum of Photography, George Eastman House, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY A few science museums in some countries have a Lippmann photograph on display in their photographic exhibitions or may have some plates in their permanent collections. 22

Lippmann January 2004 Contact Details Dr Hans I. Bjelkhagen