Global Positioning Systems (GPS) A system of Earth-orbiting satellites which provides precise location on the earth’s surface in lat./long coordinates. 11 hours 58 minutes orbital period 24 hour 3D coverage worldwide Remote Sensing (RS) Use of satellites/aircrafts to capture info- earth’s surface. Digital ortho images a key product.

 Location  Where are particular feature found? Patterns  W W hat geographical patterns exist?  Trends  W W here have changes occurred over given period?  Conditions  W W here do certain conditions apply?

Data, Information, Knowledge, Intelligence Data: Collection of facts/figures that pertain to places, people, things, events, and concepts. Information: Data transferred – through processes. GIS Data Hardcopy Maps Digital Data GPS Co-ordinates

Geography Attributes Behavior Rules: Streets and highways may not intersect

Data is organized by layers. Layers are integrated using explicit location on the earth’s surface, thus geographic location is the organizing principle.

 Transportation  Watershed Analysis  Environment Impact Assessment  Remote Sensing  Urban Development  Target Site Selection  Landfill Site Selection  Mineral mapping  Pollution Monitoring  Natural Hazard Assessment  Resource Management

Planning Involves surveys, review of exiting infrastructure. GIS- integrates, manage, analyze and visualize the wide range of data sets. Design GIS- data management tools to manage and share data between GIS and CAD soln. Maintenance Detailed understanding of the location of assets for transport infrastructure. Information Up to date information systems for travellers. The wide choice of travel options require true multi-modal solutions.

METRO projects. Airlines or road transport-detailed information-Bus no, route, timings etc. Disaster responses-advance warning. Planning and locating- railway corridors Finding a subset of locations from a set of potential- minimizing cost Customer or demand locations. Potential site locations and/or existing facilities. Street network or Euclidean distance.

 GIS map water resources and link them to a database  Planners/Engineers link their modelling system to the GIS-tie to attribute data.  Data – land use & land cover, geology, soils, hydrography & topography.  Project represented in 3-D form-the impact of facilities on landscape-design process  Estimate the magnitude of high-flow events, the probability of low-flow events.  Determine flood zones.  Identify high-potential erosion areas.  Derive physical characteristics area, perimeter, soil data etc.

EEnvironmental Impact AAssessment for a new CConstruction project, pollution monitoring.

 Source of information on: – land use/land cover – vegetation type, distribution, condition – surface waters – river networks – geomorphology – monitor change

Land use Water: km 2 Urban: Km 2 Forest: km 2 Agriculture: km 2 Pasture: km 2 Grass: km 2

Water: km 2 Urban: Km 2 Forest: km 2 Agriculture: km 2 Pasture: km 2 Grass: km 2

Urban Area, 1984 Urban Area, 1999

With increasingly complex projects, GIS provides the civil engineers with tools for Creating, managing, analysing and visualizing all types of geographic information. GIS education is expected to prepare individuals in the civil engineering profession for the implementation of engineering projects/tasks with time- and money-saving approaches. Some of the open ended limitations the high over head cost GPS/GIS soft wares and Hard wares