Contraceptive Methods

What is it? Contraception occurs by either preventing the fertilization of an ovum (egg) by the sperm cell, or the prevention of implantation of the embryo (fertilized egg) into the lining of the uterus.

Methods Hormonal Barrier Spermicidal Natural Permanent

Hormonal Barrier Spermicidal Natural Permanent Pill Male Condom Patch Ring Injection-Depo Provera Male Condom Female Condom Diaphragm Cap Spermicidal Natural Permanent Foam/Jelly/Film Sponge Lubricated condom Fertility Awareness Method Tube Ligation Vasectomy

Birth Control Methods Abstinence Withdrawl Birth Control Pills Male Condom Female Condom Diaphragm spermicidal Birth Control Implant-norplant Birth Control Patch Birth Control Shot Birth Control Sponge Vaginal Nuva Ring Breast Feeding Cervical Cap Contraceptive film IUD Deprovera - injection Tubal ligation Vasectomy

Abstinence The practice of restraining from sexual activity (vaginal oral, anal) Only method that is 100% effective against STI’s and pregnancy Never at risk Some find it hard to abstain, but there are no medical side effects

Withdrawal Withdrawal is when a man pulls his penis out of the vagina prior to ejaculation. No STI protection Pregnancy? 78-96 percent Risky decision- sperm can live in pre-ejaculation Could cause extreme stress

Fertility Awareness Method AKA calendar or rhythm method keeping track of one’s menstrual cycle, taking basal body temperature measurements and vaginal discharge observations, and avoiding sexual intercourse during fertile days (before, during and after ovulation). Can pay for class be taught to chart cycle-unsafe for teens who have irregular periods Sperm can live in the vagina for several days / cause stress in relationship No STI protection Pregnancy? 76-97 %

Chemical Methods Birth Control Pills Injection-Depro-Provera Patch Implant

Birth Control Pills Pill taken each day that has hormones that prevent your body from releasing an egg. No egg = no pregnancy. Thicken the mucus of the cervix to make it harder for sperm to enter the uterus DOES NOT protect from STI’s Should not serve as only form of birth control

Birth Control Pills Other advantages: Reduces menstrual cramps, lighter periods, some protection against acne, Disadvantages: bleeding between periods, breast tenderness, nausea, vomiting, nausea and vomiting can be prevented by taking the pill in the evening or at bedtime. (If the pill is stopped, it takes one to two months for regular period to continue) Prescribed by doctor because of differing hormone levels(15-35 dollars a month) 91-99 percent effective against pregnancy

Birth Control Injection Depo-Provera is a hormone (progestin) that is injected into the arm or buttock every 3 months. It stops the release of an egg and makes the mucous in the cervix thick Prescribed, convenient, does not interrupt sex, irregular periods NO STI protection, 94-99 percent pregnancy protection

Birth Control Injection Could have delayed return to fertility for up to two years, weight gain, osteoporosis (thining of bones) $30-75 per shot plus doctor fee

Birth Control Patch AKA Othro-Evera Bandage like patch that contain hormones (estrogen and progestin) that release into skin and prevent an egg from being released. Patch changed weekly for 3 weeks (no patch during period) Prescription needed No STI protection 91-99 percent effective against pregnancy

Birth Control Patch Cost- $30-35 a month plus doctor fees Does not fall off while bathing or swimming DO NOT USE IF YOU SMOKE

Birth Control Implant Norplant 6 matchstick-sized rods inserted in the arm by doctor to prevent pregnancy Possible to see it

Birth Control Implant Norplant Lasts up to five years but can be removed early Releases hormone progestin that stops ovary from releasing egg Cost: 600-800 dollars 99 percent effective

Birth Control Implant Norplant Side effects- Irregular bleeding for first 6-12 months Longer or shorter periods Nausea and weight gain Serious warning signs: lump in breast, pain at insertion site, prolonged bleeding

Vaginal Ring AKA Nuva Ring Nuva Ring-is a soft, flexible, clear plastic ring that is inserted into the vagina, where it slowly releases two types of hormones (estrogen and progestin) Can stay in place for 21 days. After 7 day break, the ring is replaced. Prescription needed ($30-35 a month plus doctor fees) No STI protection, pregnancy? 91-99

Plan B-Emergency Contraception EC is a hormone pill that can prevent pregnancy by stopping the release of an egg, changing the lining of the uterus, or changing the movement of the egg and sperm. No prescription needed No STI protection

Plan B- Emergency Contraception When to use? EC can be used after: unprotected sex failure of a birth control method (ex: broken condom Should not be used as only form; alone is not as effective

Plan B-Emergency Contraception Emergency contraception is 95% effective when taken less than 24 hours after unprotected intercourse Can be taken up to 5 days after unprotected sex 30-65 dollars

Barrier Methods Male Condom Female Condom Diaphragm cap ONLY PROTECTION THERE IS AGAINST STI’s

Male Condom Thin latex or synthetic non-reusable covering that is rolled onto the erect penis. Condoms prevent pregnancy by collecting pre-cum and semen when a man ejaculates. This keeps sperm from entering the vagina. Helps prevent STI’s Pregnancy? 82-98 percent effective

Male Condom Look for latex, spermicide, nonoxyol9, and expiration date. Nonoxyol 9 offers some protection against STD’s

Male Condom Advantages Drug stores, supermarkets, online STI protection Side effects: -latex sensitivity -Can break or leak -can’t be used with oil based lubricants Cost: as little as a dollar each, sometimes available for free Can be combined with other birth control methods; only used once

Female Condom Pouch inserted into vagina to prevent pregnancy. Has a flexible ring at each end Collects pre-cum and semen when a man ejaculates Inserted into the vagina like a tampon. The closed end should reach the cervix.

Female Condom Used for vaginal and anal intercourse Reduces the risk for STI’s 79-95% effective against pregnancy Cost: about 4 dollars at drug store

Female Condom Advantages: -stays in place whether male has an erection or not -Can be inserted up to 8 hours before but must be taken our right after intercourse Disadvantages- -Irritation to the vagina -slip into the vagina during intercourse

Diaphragm A diaphragm is made of latex. It is shaped like a saucer and has a flexible rim. It fits over the cervix It must be inserted before intercourse and removed and cleaned after. Prescription needed for pelvic exam Pregnancy? 88-94 percent effective Some STI protection

Diaphragm Used with spermicidal jelly

Diaphragm Can cause irritation or itchiness which can increase your risk of developing an STI Can be inserted 2 hours beforehand for up to 24 hours. More spermicide needed Replaced every two years $75 plus spermicide, exams, and fitting

Cervical Cap The cervical cap is a silicone cup shaped like a sailor's hat. You insert it into your vagina and over your cervix. Blocks uterus Must be used with spermicide cream or jelly-stops sperm from moving Must be washed after use Stay in for up to 48 hours, no additional spermicide needed Up to $75 plus exams and spermicide

Diaphragm Vs. Cap What’s the difference? Cap can be left in for 48 hours and needs no additional spermicide Diaphragm can be left in for 24 hours and needs extra spermicide for each time of intercourse

Vaginal Spermicides Foam/Jelly/Film-(dissolves) A spermicide must be inserted into the vagina before each act of intercourse. It contains an active ingredient (Nonoxynol-9) that kills sperm. No STI protection Pregnancy? 72-82% Recommended to use another form of birth control May experience irritation

Vaginal Spermicides Contraceptive Foam: A product that comes in a can and has an applicator to put the foam into the vagina. Contraceptive Jelly: comes in a tube and is usually used with a diaphragm. Vaginal Contraceptive Film: A very thin transparent square of film that dissolves quickly and releases nonoxynol-9 Sponge: A piece of soft foam that covers the cervix filled with three kinds of spermicides. Condom lubricated with spermicide

Sponge The sponge is a non-reusable piece of soft foam that is filled with spermicide and must be inserted inside the vagina before intercourse and must remain in place for six hours after intercourse No prescription needed; drug store bought No STI prevention Pregnancy? 76-91 % Recommended to use more than one form of birth control Could cause vaginal irritation

Sponge Allergies, irritation, TSS, difficult to insert and remove Cost- 1-2 dollars

IUD-Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Small soft piece of plastic or copper with a nylon string on it. Releases hormones that kill sperm 2 types Copper T-kills sperm before it can get to egg. Could have painful periods Hormonal- releases progestin that kills sperm and thickens mucus. May have no periods.

IUD-Intrauterine Contraceptive Device No STI protection Convenient-can stay in place for up to 5 years but can be removed at any time Pregnancy? plastic IUD- 99.8% effective Copper T IUD-99.2%- 99.4% effective Increased risk of PID with an STI Cost 500-900

Not recommended for young women or women who haven’t had children yet. If you become pregnant while the IUD is in the uterus – you have a 50% chance of having a miscarriage.

Tube Ligation permanent that sterilizes the woman. A surgical operation is used to cut or “tie off” the fallopian tubes Occasionally this method can be reversed but you need to talk to your doctor. Can be very costly Effective Immediately No STI protection Pregnancy? 99 percent Can cost 3,000-6,000

Vasectomy permanent method that sterilizes the man. A surgical procedure closes the vas deferens (tubes) that carry sperm. Occasionally this method can be reversed but you need to talk to your doctor. No STI protection Pregnancy? 99% Not effective immediately Cost-$350-755

“Some people always use contraception consistently and effectively because…”

“Some people “forget,” or don’t use contraception correctly because…

How can contraceptive effectiveness be reduced? Improper care of condoms Expired Improper use Forgetting to use in time Certain medications

How can the effectiveness of a condom be increased?

Increasing effectiveness of Condom Having one available Only use once Store in dark cool place Check expiration date Use before genital to genital touching (pre-ejaculatory fluid) Withdrawal while penis is still erect Consider EC if condom breaks

How can the effectiveness of the pill be increased?

Increasing effectiveness of pill Take every day at the same time Always have a back up pack in case you run out Check to make sure other medications don’t interfere Use other form of contraception

Do Now Using your notes from the previous class, put the contraceptive methods into the following categories: 1- Barrier 2-Spermicidal 3-Permanent 4-Hormonal 5-Natural *Some may fall under more than one category

Adoption vs Abortion Abortion Pill-Take medicines to end an early pregnancy Safe and effective Available from many Planned Parenthood health centers Costs up to $800, but often less 97% effective In Clinic Medical procedures Safe and effective Available from many Planned Parenthood health centers Costs up to $1,500 in the first trimester, but often less