Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e James A. Hall Chapter 2 Introduction to Transaction Processing

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Revision:  TPS consists of three subsystems:  Revenue  Expenditure  Conversion cycle  Common characteristics:  Capture financial transactions  Record effects of transactions on accounting rec  Provide info to users to support day-to-day activities 2

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Overview: Five major sections  Overview of transaction processing  Objectives of the three cycles and roles  Relationship among accounting records forming an audit trail  Documentation techniques  Techniques used to represent systems  CB systems: batch and real-time  Coding schemes 3

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Learning Outcomes:  Understand the broad objectives of transaction cycles.  Recognize the types of transactions processed by each of the three transaction cycles  Know the basic accounting records used in TPS.  Understand the relationship between the traditional accounting records and their magnetic equivalents.  Be familiar with documentation techniques.  Understand the differences between batch and real-time processing and the impact of these technologies on transaction processing.  Be familiar with data coding schemes used in AIS. 4

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. A Financial Transaction is...  an economic event that affects the assets and equities of the firm, is reflected in its accounts, and is measured in monetary terms.  similar types of transactions are grouped together into three transaction cycles:  the expenditure cycle  the conversion cycle  the revenue cycle 5

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Examples:  External transactions:  Sale of goods/services, purchase of inventory, discharge of financial obligations, receipt of cash  Internal:  Depreciation of fixed assets, application of labor, raw material, overhead of production process, transfer of inventory from one department to another 6

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Relationship between Transaction Cycles 7 Figure 2-1

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Each Cycle has Two Primary Subsystems  Expenditure Cycle: time lag between the two due to credit relations with suppliers:  physical component (acquisition of goods)  financial component (cash disbursements to the supplier)  Conversion Cycle :  the production system (planning, scheduling, and control of the physical product through the manufacturing process)  the cost accounting system (monitors the flow of cost information related to production)  Revenue Cycle: time lag between the two due to credit relations with customers :  physical component (sales order processing)  financial component (cash receipts) 8

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Accounting Records:  Manual system:  Documents  Journals  Ledgers  Audit trail  CB Systems  Master file  Transaction file  Reference file 9

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Manual system: Documents  Document: Evidence of an economic event  Source Documents - used to capture and formalize transaction data needed for transaction processing  Product Documents - the result of transaction processing  Turnaround Documents - a product document of one system that becomes a source document for another system 10

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Source doc  Product  Turn:  Example: sales cause the sales clerk to prepare a multiple sales order, which is the evidence that a sale occurred  Copies of this source document is entered into the sale system  Convey info to billing, shipping, AR etc.  Specific activities are triggered  Customer’s bill is a product document of the sales system. Bill consists of a remittance advice  + payment  cash receipts system 11

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Manual System (cont.): 13  Journals - a record of chronological entry  special journals - specific classes of transactions that occur in high frequency  general journal - nonrecurring, infrequent, and dissimilar transactions

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14 Ledger - a book of financial accounts general ledger - shows activity for each account listed on the chart of accounts subsidiary ledger - shows activity by detail for each account type Manual System (cont.):

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Flow of Information from Economic Event Into the General Ledger 15 Figure 2-8

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Source Document Journal General Ledger Financial Statements Financial Statements General Ledger Journal Source Document Audit Trail (p50) Accountants should be able to trace in both directions. Sampling and confirmation are two common techniques. 16

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Accounts Receivable Control Account-General Ledger Accounts Receivable Subsidiary Ledger (sum of all customers’ receivables) Sales JournalCash Receipts Journal Sales OrderDeposit Slip Remittance Advice Shipping Notice Example of Tracing an Audit Trail Verifying Accounts Receivable PhysicalFinancial 17

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Computer-Based Systems  The audit trail is less observable in computer- based systems than traditional manual systems.  The data entry and computer programs are the physical trail.  The data are stored in magnetic files. 18

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Computer Files  Master File - generally contains account data (e.g., general ledger and subsidiary file)  Transaction File - a temporary file containing transactions since the last update  Reference File - contains relatively constant information used in processing (e.g., tax tables, customer addresses)  Archive File - contains past transactions for reference purposes 19

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Accounting Records in a Computer-Based System 20 Figure 2-11 EXPLANATION OF STEPS IN FIGURE: 1. Compare the AR balance in the balance sheet with the master file AR control account balance. 2. Reconcile the AR control figure with the AR subsidiary account total. 3. Select a sample of update entries made to accounts in the AR subsidiary ledger and trace these to transactions in the sales journal (archive file). 4. From these journal entries, identify source documents that can be pulled from their files and verified. If necessary, confirm these source documents by contacting the customers.

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Documentation Techniques  Documentation in a CB environment is necessary for many reasons.  Five common documentation techniques:  Entity Relationship Diagram  Data Flow Diagrams  Document Flowcharts  System Flowcharts  Program Flowcharts 21

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)  A documentation technique to represent the relationship between entities in a system.  The REA model version of ERD is widely used in AIS. REA uses 3 types of entities:  resources (cash, raw materials)  events (release of raw materials into the production process)  agents (inventory control clerk, vendor, production worker) 22

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cardinalities  Represent the numerical mapping between entities:  one-to-one  one-to-many  many-to-many  Multiplicity (discussed in ch-1) is a representation of cardinality 23

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sales- person Car Type Customer Order VendorInventory Assigned Places Supply EntityRelationshipEntity 1 M M M 1 1 Cardinalities 24

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)…  use symbols to represent the processes, data sources, data flows, and entities in a system  represent the logical elements of the system  do not represent the physical system 25

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Data Flow Diagram Symbols Entity Name N Process Description Data Store Name Direction of data flow 26 Figure 2-12

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27 DFD- Sales Order Processing System

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. System Flowcharts…  illustrate the relationship among processes and the documents that flow between them  contain more details than data flow diagrams  clearly depict the separation of functions in a system  are used to represent both Manual and Computer based processes 28

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. System Flowcharts…  are used to represent the relationship between the key elements--input sources, programs, and output products--of computer systems  depict the type of media being used (paper, magnetic tape, magnetic disks, and terminals)  in practice, not much difference between document and system flowcharts 29

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Manual Flowcharting: Symbol Set for Representing Manual Procedures Terminal showing source or destination of documents and reports Source document or report Manual operation File for storing source documents and reports Accounting records (journals, registers, logs, ledgers) Calculated batch total On-page connector Off-page connector Description of process or comments Document flowline 30 Figure 2-17

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Let’s consider the following 6 facts….. (p58-61) 1.A clerk in the sales department receives a hard-copy customer order by mail and manually prepares four hard copies of a sales order 2.The clerk sends copy-1 of the sales order to the credit department for approval. The other 3 copies and original customer order are files temporarily, pending credit approval. 3.The credit department clerk validates the customer order against hard-copy credit records kept in the credit department. The clerk signs copy-1 to signify approval and returns it to the sales clerk. 31

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sales DepartmentCredit Department WarehouseShipping Department System Flowchart Showing Stated Fact I Translated into Visual Symbols Customer Order Prepare Sales Orders Sales Order #1 Sales Order #1 Sales Order #1 Sales Order #1 32 Figure 2-18

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33 System Flowchart Showing All Stated Facts into Visual Symbols Figure 2-20

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Flowcharting Computer Processes: Symbol Set for Representing Computer Processes Hard copy Computer process Direct access storage device Magnetic tape Terminal input/ output device Process flow Real-time (online) connection Video display device 34 Figure 2-21

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35 Let’s consider the following 6 facts…..(p62)

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36 Figure 2-22 System Flowchart- Showing Facts 1, 2, and 3 into Visual Symbols

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37 Figure 2-23 System Flowchart Showing All Facts- into Visual Symbols

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 2-24 Program Flowcharts…  illustrate the logic used in programs  Each program represented in system flowchart should have a corresponding program flowchart Program Flowchart Symbols Logical process Decision Terminal start or end operation Input/output operation Flow of logical process 38

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39 Program Flowchart for ‘Edit’ program p66 This program contains a series of validation conditions to be met in order for a record to be validated; part of a system flowchart shown next slide

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40 System flowchart containing the ‘Edit’ program p67

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Computer-Based Accounting Systems p67  Two broad classes of systems:  batch systems  real-time systems

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Batch Processing  A batch is a group of similar transactions that are accumulated over time and then processed together.  The transactions must be independent of one another during the time period over which the transactions are accumulated in order for batch processing to be appropriate.  A time lag exists between the event and the processing. 42

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sales Orders Keying Unedited Transactions Edit Run Errors Edited Transactions Sort Run Transactions Update Run Old Master (father) AR New Master (son) Transactions (eventually transferred to an archive file) correct errors and resubmit catches clerical errors rearranges the transaction data by key field so that it is in the same sequence as the master file changes the values in the master file to reflect the transactions that have occurred Batch Processing/Sequential File 43

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Steps in Batch Processing/Sequential File  Keystroke - source documents are transcribed by clerks to magnetic tape for processing later  Edit Run - identifies clerical errors in the batch and places them into an error file  Sort Run - places the transaction file in the same order as the master file using a primary key  Update Run - changes the value of appropriate fields in the master file to reflect the transaction  Backup Procedure - the original master continues to exist and a new master file is created 44

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Advantages of Batch Processing  Organizations can increase efficiency by grouping large numbers of transactions into batches rather than processing each event separately.  Batch processing provides control over the transaction process via control figures. 45

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Real-Time Systems…  process transactions individually at the moment the economic event occurs  have no time lag between the economic event and the processing  generally require greater resources than batch processing since they require dedicated processing capacity; however, these cost differentials are decreasing  often have longer systems development time 46

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 47

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Why Do So Many AIS Use Batch Processing?  AIS processing is characterized by high-volume, independent transactions, such are recording cash receipts checks received in the mail.  The processing of such high-volume checks can be done during an off-peak computer time.  This is one reason why batch processing maybe done using real-time data collection. 48

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Modern Systems versus Legacy Systems p69  Modern systems characteristics:  client-server based and process transactions in real time  use relational database tables  have high degree of process integration and data sharing  some are mainframe based and use batch processing  Some firms employ legacy systems for certain aspects of their data processing.  Accountants need to understand legacy systems.  Legacy systems characteristics:  mainframe-based applications  batch oriented  early legacy systems use flat files for data storage  later legacy systems use hierarchical and network databases  data storage systems promote a single-user environment that discourages information integration 49

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Updating master file from a transaction 50

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Record Structures for Sales, Inventory, and Accounts Receivable Files 51 Figure 2-28 Updating master file from a transaction

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Database Backup Procedures Destructive updates leave no backup. New transaction of $50 updates AR balance to $ Figure 2-30

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Database Backup Procedures To preserve adequate records, backup procedures must be implemented, as shown below:  The master file being updated is copied as a backup.  A recovery program uses the backup to create a pre- update version of the master file. 53

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Batch process using real-time data collection 54 Key steps in a department store are:

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Batch process using real-time data collection 55

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Real-time processing: 56  well suited to a system that processes lower transaction volumes  Benefits include:  improved productivity  reduced inventory  increased inventory turnover  decreased lags in customer billing, and  improved customer satisfaction

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 57 Real-time processing:

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Uses of Coding in AIS (p76)  Concisely represent large amounts of complex information that would otherwise be unmanageable  Provide a means of accountability over the completeness of the transactions processed  Identify unique transactions and accounts within a file  Support the audit function by providing an effective audit trail 58

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sequential Codes  Represent items in sequential order  Used to prenumber source documents  Track each transaction processed  Identify any out-of-sequence documents  Disadvantages:  arbitrary information  hard to make changes and insertions 59

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Block Codes  Represent whole classes by assigning each class a specific range within the coding scheme  Used for chart of accounts (next page)  The basis of the general ledger  Allows for the easy insertion of new codes within a block  Don’t have to reorganize the coding structure  Disadvantage:  arbitrary information 60

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Block Codes 61

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Group Codes  Represent complex items or events involving two or more pieces of data using fields with specific meaning  For example, a coding scheme for tracking sales might be , meaning: Store NumberDept. NumberItem NumberSalesperson Disadvantages: – arbitrary information – overused 62

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Alphabetic Codes  Used for many of the same purposes as numeric codes  Can be assigned sequentially or used in block and group coding techniques (eg, A10, J12 etc)  May be used to represent large numbers of items  Can represents up to 26 variations per field  Disadvantage:  arbitrary information 63

Hall, Introduction to Accounting Information Systems, 7e ©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Mnemonic Codes  Alphabetic characters used as abbreviations, acronyms, and other types of combinations  Do not require users to memorize the meaning since the code itself is informative – and not arbitrary  NY = New York ; ACN441 etc  Disadvantages:  limited usability and availability 64