Carbon Over 90% of the compounds in nature are based on carbon. Different pure forms are found in nature. – Diamond – Graphite – Buckminsterfullerene – Amorphous

Diamond Network solid – All atoms have 4 covalent bonds Hardest substance known Conducts heat but not electricity

Graphite Soft – Strong bonds only in 2d (carbon fiber materials) Slippery – Layers glide over one another easily – Semimetal conducts electricity – Used in batteries, steel making, brake linings lubricant, pencil, electric motors

Buckminsterfullerene C 60 C 60 – Medical research Carbon Nanotubes – Strong – Electronics

Amorphous No crystalline shape – Coal: carbon and other compounds Peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite – Charcoal – Activated carbon

Carbon Compounds Organic Do not dissolve in water Decompose easily with heat Chemical reactions slow Reactions rate affected by environment conditions Covalent bonding Isomers Inorganic Dissolve in water Difficult to decompose Reactions very quick Reaction rate not affected by conditions Many have ionic bonds No isomers

Hydrocarbons Composed of carbon and hydrogen only

Alkanes All single bonds between the carbons – Saturated – Low chemical reactivity – The general formula is C n H 2n+2 – Names end with “ane” – Natural gas (mostly methane)

Name of Alkane # of Carbon atoms Chemical Formula Simple Structure (Molecular Diagram) Also known as (other names) : Methane1C H 4 natural gas marsh gas methyl hydride Ethane2C2H6C2H6 dimethyl methyl methane ethyl hydride Propane3C3H8C3H8 dimethyl methane propyl hydride Butane4C 4 H 10 methylethyl methane butyl hydride Pentane5C 5 H 12 amyl hydride Skellysolve A

Name of Alkane # of Carbon atoms Chemical Formula Simple Structure (Molecular Diagram) Hexane6C 6 H 14 Heptane7C 7 H 16 Octane8C 8 H 18 Nonane9C 9 H 20 Decane10C 10 H 22

Isomers Same chemical formula but different structural formula

Isomers PentaneIsopentane n-Pentane2-Methylbutane2-Dimethylpropane

Cycloalkanes Ring structure of single carbon bonds Add the prefix cyclo to the alkane name Similar properties to alkanes

Cycloalkanes cyclopropanecyclobutane cyclopentanecyclohexane

Alkenes Hydrocarbons which have at least one double bond between two carbons. We will always use one double bond only. Unsaturated The naming prefixes are the same as for alkanes with an ene ending The general formula is C n H 2n Plastics ripen fruit

Alkynes Hydrocarbons which have at least one triple bond between two carbons. We will always use one triple bond only. Unsaturated The naming prefixes are the same as for alkanes with an yne ending The general formula is C n H 2n-2 pharmaceuticals

ethyne propyne butyne pentyne hexyne

Aromatic Hydrocarbons Ring structure with alternating single and double bonds. (resonance) Many have pleasant aroma Benzene is very important because it is found as part of many complex organic molecules

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Substituted Hydrocarbons One or more hydrogen or carbon atoms are replaced by another element or group of elements. The replacement atoms are called a functional group. The functional group determines the new properties of the molecule.

Halocarbons One or more halogen atoms are substituted for hydrogen atoms in an alkane Add the halogen prefix to the alkane name – Chloropropane – Draw: difloromonochloropentane

Alcohol A hydroxyl group replaces a hydrogen The suffix ol is added to the name of the molecule Common and official names (use official) Some widely used alcohols are – Methanol: mixed with gasoline, very poisonous – Ethanol: mixed with gasoline, Ingested – Glycerol: cosmetics, foods

methanol (CH 3 OH) ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) propanol (C 3 H 7 OH) butanol (C 4 H 9 OH) pentanol (C 5 H 11 OH)

Organic Acid A carboxyl group (COOH) replaces three hydrogen atoms. The group has to stay together. Common and official names Some common organic acid – Acetic: good solvent of organic compounds – Formic: used by certain plants and animals (ants) – Oxalic: dyeing fabrics, stain removal

methanoic acid (CH 2 O 2 ) formic acid ethanoic acid (C 2 H 4 O 2 )acetic acid ethylic acid vinegar acid propanoic acid (C 3 H 6 O 2 )propionic acid ethylformic acid metacetonic acid butanoic acid (C 4 H 8 O 2 ) pentanoic acid (C 5 H 10 O 2 )

Organic Base An amine group (NH 2 ) replaces a carbon atom – Paints, dyes, disinfectants

Dehydration Synthesis A process by which small molecules can be hooked together to form large ones A hydroxide from one molecule reacts with a hydroxide in another. Water is released and the two molecules are joined by the remaining oxygen

Esters A molecule made from the dehydration synthesis of an organic acid and an alcohol Excellent solvents for organic compounds Odors and flavors of fruits and flowers Perfumes and artificial flavorings

methyl methanoate ethyl methanoate methyl ethanoate ethyl ethanoate methyl propanoate ethyl propanoate

Carbohydrates Contain only the elements Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Monosaccharides All have formula (CH 2 O) n where n is between 3 and 7 Glucose is the main transport sugar in animals Main source of energy in animals

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides Long chains of monosaccharides

Starch Plant energy storage

Glycogen Animal energy storage

Cellulose Main component of cell walls. Sometimes referred to as fiber. Cannot be broken down by animals. No enzyme – Need mutualistic bacteria

Lipids A type of ester. “fatty acid” + alcohol High energy storage molecules – Contain more than twice as much energy per gram as carbohydrates Insoluble in water

Lipids Wax: solid, high melting point – Waterproof coating on leaves, feathers, hair, skin Fats: solid, low melting point, glycerol – Saturated, unsaturated Oils: liquid, glycerol – Saturated, unsaturated Triglycerides

Lipids Phospholipids: 1 or 2 fatty acids are replaced by phosphate groups – Chief lipid in Biological membranes Steroids: ring structures – Cholesterol: used in cell membranes, nerves – Some types of hormones: cortisone, estrogen, epinephrine (adrenalin) Terpins

Amino Acids An amine (NH 2 ) functional group and a carboxyl (COOH) functional group are attached to a central carbon. We use 21 (20 + 1)but can only manufacture 12 Monomers used to make proteins

Protein Made up of amino acids that have been joined together by a peptide bond

DNA Natural Polymers

Enzymes / Vitamins Enzymes – Proteins that speed up chemical reactions Lock and key: read your bio book Vitamins – Organic compounds that you need but cannot manufacture

Photosynthesis / Respiration Photosynthesis – Plants – 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + energy → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Respiration – Plants and Animals – C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + energy

Nylon bio-chemistry-2-macromolecules/ bio-chemistry-2-macromolecules/