 A NOUN is a word that names a PERSON, PLACE, or a THING  Nouns can name things that we can touch, taste, see, hear, feel, and smell – these are called CONCRETE NOUNSn  Nouns also name things we cannot touch, taste, see, hear, feel, or smell. These are called ABSTRACT NOUNS

The following sentences give examples of both an abstract noun and a concrete noun: 1. I can’t see love, but I can see a wedding ring. 2. I can’t see chaos, but I can see a tornado. 3. I can’t see happiness, but I can see a smile. 4. I can’t hear anger, but I can hear yelling.

 CONCRETE NOUNS are nouns that are names for people, places, and things that you can touch, taste, see, hear, feel, and smell.  There are two kinds of Concrete Nouns: GENERAL and SPECIFIC General nouns are words that name different groups of things. Specific nouns are words that name different particular things.

 animal is a general noun. Bullfrog is a specific noun.  city is a general noun. Seattle is a specific noun.  country is a general noun. Australia is a specific noun.  person is a general noun. George Washington is a specific noun.  movie is a general noun. Star Wars is a specific noun

 VERBS are words that refer to ACTIONS or STATES OF BEING  Action verbs often are followed in a sentence by a direct object or an indirect object.

Direct Objects  Snow White bit the apple, “apple” is the direct object of the verb “bit”  Jacob hit the ball, “ball” is the direct object of the verb “hit”  The witch cut Rapunzel’s hair. “Rapunzel’s hair” is the direct object of the verb “cut”.

Indirect Objects-An indirect object is often a noun or pronoun that comes before the direct object.  The witch gave Snow White the apple, “Snow White” is the indirect object of the verb “gave”; “apple” is the direct object.  The apple caused her much grief, “Her” is the indirect object; “grief” is the direct object.  The troll offered the giant a harp, “Giant” is the indirect object; “harp” is the direct object

 VERBS appear in six different forms, or tenses PRESENT TENSE: The frog jumps. PAST TENSE: The frog jumped. FUTURE TENSE: The frog will jump. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: The frog has jumped six times today. PAST PERFECT TENSE: The frog had jumped only once before it rained. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: The frog will have jumped more than one hundred times by next Sunday.

 ACTIVE VOICE – the subject of the sentence- the person, animal, or thing performing the action- is BEFORE the verb.  PASSIVE VOICE – the subject of the sentence is usually not present. If the subject of the sentence is present it is often at the end of a prepositional phrase (it is the object of a preposition).

 The book was eaten by the troll, the subject “troll” is the object of the preposition “by”.

 A PRONOUN is a word that takes the place of a noun. A PRONOUN is a stand-in for a noun  There are three different kinds of pronouns: 1. Subjective 2. Objective 3. Possessive  Subjective pronouns appear as “subjects” of sentences and phrases. Objective pronouns appear as “objects” of sentences, phrases, and clauses. Possessive pronouns show ownership of a noun.

 I read.  You read.  She reads.  He reads.  It reads.  We read.  They read  Who reads?

 Read to me.  Joan reads to you.  Read to her.  Read to him.  Read to it.  Read to us.  Read to them.  To whom does she read?

 my book  your book  her book  his book  its book  our book  their book

 Reflexive pronouns refer to themselves myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves  Demonstrative pronouns indicate specific persons, places, or things: all, any, anyone, both, either, everybody, everyone, few, many, most, neither, nobody, none, several, some, somebody, someone  Relative pronouns introduce clauses: which, who, whom, whose, that  Interrogative Pronouns introduce questions: what, which, who, whom, whose

 Adjectives tell which: this frog, that giant, those dwarfs  Adjectives tell what: the green frog, the lonely giant, the frozen lake.  Adjectives also tell how many: many frogs, several giants, one lake, seven dwarfs.  Adjectives can also work together: this green frog, that lonely giant, those seven dwarfs

 Concrete adjectives give information that we can see, touch, taste, hear, and smell

 Abstract adjectives do not give information about what we can see, touch, taste, hear, or smell. They give an idea about something.

 the bad troll tells us that the person who wrote the sentence thinks the troll is bad, it does not tell us what the troll looks like. The green troll tells us something about how the troll looks: he is green.