Name: ID number: Date: Mark ______________________ out of 15 Sport Aggression Graham Condon City and Islington College

Topic Sport – Aggression Aims  Test focussing on the topic of Aggression in Sport Science Level Level 3 Method Slides from 3 to 35 are the Teachers slides, to go through with the students (at the back of this resource are worksheets to hand out to the students to make notes). Slides 36 to 41 are student activities (these will need printing off for the students to complete). Equipment  Laptop/Projector  Pens/Pencils  Printer Duration >30 Minutes

Sport - Aggression

Aims and Objectives Aim Know the effects of aggression on sports performance. Learning Objectives 1.Define aggression 2.Describe/Explain the 3 types of aggression (assertive acts, Instrumental and Hostile aggression) 3.Describe/Explain 3 causes of aggression (Instinct, Frustration & Social Learning)

Glossary TermMeaning

Define Aggression What is Aggression

Activity Write down what you think Aggression is:

Definition  Baron & Richardson (1994) defined aggression as:  “any form of behaviour directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another person who is motivated to avoid such treatment”  Many over zealous behaviours are misconceived as “aggressive” when they are not…..

Gill’s (1986) Criteria  Must be met before a behaviour can be classed as aggressive: 1.Their must be physical/verbal behaviours 2.Caused physical/psychological harm 3.Directed towards another living being 4.And there must be an intention to cause harm

Activity  Use Gill’s criteria to decide if these are aggressive

Aggression?

Aggression?

Aggression?

Aggression?

Critical Thinking  What is wrong with Gill’s Criteria?  What factors create doubt about Gill’s Criteria?

Critical Thinking  Having looked at the situations in the activity we start to realise that aggression is a grey area.  We cannot tell whether it is aggression unless we know the motives of the person who produces the action.  Plenty of sports people get injured, but not necessarily through acts of aggression.

Describe/Explain 3 types of Aggression Types of Aggression

 Aggression can be split into three types because we cannot tell if one is being aggressive unless we know their motives  Hostile aggression  Assertive aggression  Instrumental aggression

Hostile Aggression  The primary goal of hostile aggression is to cause injury to another human being with the intent to cause suffering via the enforcement of pain.  This sort of aggression is always accompanied by anger  What is an example of this?  The worst tackle ever?

Assertive Aggression  Assertive aggression is a positive aggression and is encouraged by coaches and peers in a legitimate way  This assertive behaviour is not intended to cause harm or injury to another being  This type of aggression is created to make the “aggressors” presence felt in a manner which does not bring his/her sport or reputation into disrepute  What is an example of this?  Gerrard Double Tackle on Jagielka?

Instrumental Aggression  When acts of aggression are used to achieve a non aggressive goal such as to win the game  Although harm and injury may be caused, the aggression does not stem from anger as seen in hostile aggression  It seems from the prospect of increasing the likelihood of winning and receiving external rewards such as money, recognition and reputation  What is an example of this?  Boxing?

Activity Look at the following examples and decide what type of aggression they are: 1.A footballer who has been hurt in a tackle kicks their opponent 2.A runner who elbows a competitor during an 800m race I order to get in from of them 3.A boxer lands a punch which knocks their opponent to the ground 4.A rugby player tackles an opponent and lands on top of them causing their ribs to be bruised 5.A hockey player smashes their stick into an opponent’s nose by mistake 6.A rugby player tramples on an opponent’s head in a ruck 7.In going for a cross, 2 players collide caused a blood wound to each others heads 8.An ice hockey players swears at an opponent who makes an illegal challenge 9.A tennis player kicks a ball away in a moment of rage 10.A netball players grabs another player’s hair in response to being fouled

Describe/Explain 3 causes of Aggression Causes of Aggression

 Why are some people more aggressive than others?  What effect does the environment have on aggression?  Does sport offer an outlet for aggression or create more aggression?  The following three theories will help us understand the cause of aggression

Instinct Theories  Sigmund Freud hypothesised that people have an instinctive, inborn need or tendency to be aggressive.  He said that man has 2 basic needs:  The need to be aggressive  The need to have sex  He saw aggression as an innate instinct to ensure survival of human beings. It can be directed towards another person or it can be displaced.  And referred to the release of aggression as catharsis

Critical Thinking Is he born with the need to be aggressive?

Analysis  There is a little research to support this theory, and it cannot explain why some people are more aggressive than others.  It suggests there must be external influences which make the changes of aggression more likely.

Social Learning Theory

(Bandura, 1977)  Social learning theorists believe that aggression is learnt via observational analysis.  Bandura (1977) showed that children were more likely to copy behaviour which was rewarded  Unlike the instinct theory, social learning theorists believe that aggression  Is not innate  Neglects ones cognitive capacity

Theory into Practice  For example if a 10 year old aspiring footballer watches his favourite footballer arguing with the ref on the TV, he then may emulate this in his own games when a decision goes against him  The media is very influential in this process  The way sports people are presented, portrayed and commentated shape the viewers perceptions and behaviours  That is why it is so important to encourage fair play in pro sport and take necessary disciplinary action to demonstrate that aggression will not be tolerated.

Frustration-AggressionTheory

Frustration-AggressionTheory (Dollard et al, 1939)  Opposed to the instinct theory, this theory believes that aggression s cased from both innate origins and social influences  These theorist believe that aggression is caused when we are denied from achieving a goal  E.g. in sports this can be when a referee calls a decision against us or when we lose a game  He states that aggression is always caused by frustration and frustration will always lead to some form of aggression  This view has been classed as too extreme and therefore modified by Miller in 1941 who proposed that frustrated will make aggression more likely

Effect on Performance

What the research says  Ultimately, the relationship between aggression and performance is unclear.  It seems that some aggressive acts pay off while others do not.  Positive  Can increase levels of arousal which may be good or may be bad, depending on how high the arousal was initially  Can improve team cohesion, as the team may become supportive of the aggressor or the opposition may become intimidated  Negative  May receive negative reinforcement (sending off) which may have detrimental effect on performance  Can cause distractions from the game and therefore affect performance negatively

Critical Thinking?  Which theory of aggression do you think provides the best explanation of aggressive behaviour in sport and why?  How can one differentiate between hostile and assertive aggression when the aggressor has caused injury?

Student Activities

Sport Aggression 1.Define Gill’s Criteria of Aggression: a.__________________________________________________ b.__________________________________________________ c.__________________________________________________ d.__________________________________________________ (4 marks)

Sport Aggression 2.Describe Hostile Aggression: __________________________________________________ 3. Describe Instrumental Aggression: __________________________________________________ (1 mark)

Sport Aggression 4.Describe Assertive Aggression : __________________________________________________ 5.Describe Freud’s Instinct theory of Aggression: __________________________________________________ (1 mark) (2 marks)

Sport Aggression 6.Describe Bandura’s modelling theory of Aggression: __________________________________________________ 7.Describe Dollard et al. (1939) Frustration theory of Aggression: __________________________________________________ (2 marks)

Sport Aggression 8. Describe 2 ways that aggression can affect Sports performance: ________________________________________________________ (2 marks)

Sports - Aggression Worksheet

Worksheet

Worksheet

Worksheet

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