Heresy and the Medieval Inquisition Week 4, Lecture 2

12 th century surge of lay piety Gero Crucifix, German, c. 976 Master of St. Francis Crucifix, Italian, c. 1272

Images, previous slides Slide 1 L1: Jesus as Good Shepherd, Catacomb of Calixtus, Rome. Early 200s. Slide 1 R1: Jesus raises Lazarus, a Roman catacomb, late 200s. Slide 1 L2: Jesus rides into Jerusalem on a colt. Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, marble, c Slide 1 R2: Bearded Jesus with Alpha and Omega, Catacomb of Commodilla, Rome, late 300s. Slide 2: Icon of Christ Pantocrator, Monastery of Mt. Sinai, Egypt, 6 th century. Slide 3: Consecration of the Tabernacle, wall painting from Dura-Europos synagogue, mid-200s. Slide 4: Isrealites Worshipping the Golden Calf, wall painting from Dura-Europos synagogue, mid-200s.

Fourth Lateran, 1215 Significant legislation: –Education for priests –Standardized dress and behavior –Banned trial by ordeal –Moratorium on new religious orders –Requirement for all Christians to receive penance and take the Eucharist at least 1x/year –Special dress for Jews and Muslims

Heresy and the Medieval Inquisition How do historians explain the rise of “popular heresy” in Western Europe in the twelfth century? What beliefs and practices did the main groups of heretics hold? How did the Inquisition begin? What was its goal? What methods did it use?

R. I. Moore (1941-) Irish medievalist The Birth of Popular Heresy (1975) The Origins of European Dissent (1977, revised 1985)

Dualist Sects Manichaeanism –3 rd century, Persian Empire –Mani –Augustine Bogomilism –10 th century, Bulgaria –Bogomil –Suppressed by Byzantines

Criticism against the Church

Reform and Resistance Surge of popular piety Centered among townspeople Reforming zeal turns into suspicion

Waldensians Peter Waldo (Vaudès) of Lyons (c ) –1173 Apostolic poverty Preaching by men and women Teaching in the vernacular (Provençal) Humiliati (a related group)

Cathars Greek katharos, “pure” Albigensians, Albi –Southern France and Northern Italy Dualistic theology Physical world is evil Perfecti (spiritual elites) Anticlerical movement

Innocent III vs. Catharism Image: Pope Innocent III, fresco, 13 th century “Traitors against God” Suppression through diplomatic means Count Raymond of Toulouse Pierre de Castelnau, d. January 1208

Albigensian Crusade, “A savage affair.” Redefinition of “Crusade” Massacre at Béziers, 1209 –“Kill them all, God will sort it out.” Simon de Montfort 1216: death of Innocent III 1220s: intervention of the French monarchy

The Medieval Inquisiton 1184 “episcopal inquisition” 1233 central tribunal established at Rome –Pope Gregory IX (r ) Dedicated inquisitors Overrode canon law!

Bernard Gui Inquisitor in Toulouse, Practica Inquisitionis Heretice Pravitatis or "Conduct of the Inquisition into Heretical Wickedness” Seeking Cathars (“Manichaeans”), Waldensians, “pseudo-Apostles,” Beguins (radical Franciscans), Jews, and sorcerers

R. I. Moore, 2006 “The element common to all the innumerable guises in which “reform,” both sacred and secular, appeared in the twelfth century was the desire of a wider community to impose its values on an assert its control over a more restricted one.” –p. 319, coursepack