Physical Properties They can be observed or measured without changing the matter’s identity and without a chemical change. Examples are: Color, odor, volume, state (gas, liquid, solid), thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, magnetism, ductility, malleability, and density.

Ductility An extremely important physical property that allows a substance to be drawn into a wire. Most metals are ductile. Most nonmetals are not ductile. Example is copper wire or aluminum wire used for electricity movement.

Malleability Another extremely important physical property and is the ability of a substance to be beat into thin sheets. example blanks for making coins, aluminum foil, gold leaf.

Magnetism- a property of some materials to attract iron. Can be created also by an electric current being passed through a material. State- whether the matter is a solid, liquid, or gas. Color- visual identification of matter. Odor- how matter smells.

Solid A solid has a definite shape and volume. It molecules vibrate in place because they do not have enough energy to break away from the rest of the solid.

Liquid A liquid has a definite volume and an indefinite shape. The molecules have enough energy to slip past each other.

Gas A gas has an indefinite shape and an indefinite shape. Very high energy molecules. Can be compressed.

Solubility The ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance. Water is known as the universal solvent. Solute is what dissolves and solvent is what the solute is dissolved in.

Solubility Solubility of a substance can be improved in several ways: 1)Increase in temperature 2)Stirring 3)Decrease the particle size

Thermal Conductivity How a substance transfer heat. Metals have high thermal conductivity Styrofoam and rubber have low thermal conductivity.

Electrical Conductivity The ability of a material to conduct electrical current which is the flow of electrons. Metals have good electrical conductivity and nonmetal have poor electrical conductivity.

Specific Heat The amount of energy that is required to change the temperature of one kilogram of material one degree Celsius. The lower the specific heat the easier it is for t he temperature to be raised. Metals generally have low specific heat and water has very high specific heat.

Liquid layers of Density

Density Column Problem Arrange the following materials into a density column. Blue material 6.28 density, yellow material 0.47 density, brown material 8.92 density, red material 1.23 density, greens material 7.14 density, and purple material 0.98 density.

How many layers are more dense than red? How many layers are less dense than red? How many layers are more dense than brown? How many layers are less dense than brown? Given a substance of 3.2 density where will its layer form in the density column? Given a substance of 6.9 density where will its layer form in the density column.

Identifying Substances Physical properties that are useful in identifying substances are density, melting point, boiling point, solubility, and specific heat.

Physical Change Physical changes do not change the physical properties of a substance. Examples crushing a can, bending a nail, freezing/melting water, dissolving coffee, or cutting a stick of wood in half.

Chemical Properties Chemical properties describe matter based on it’s ability to change into new matter that has different properties. Two main chemical properties are flammability and reactivity.

Flammability The ability of a substance to burn.

Reactivity Is the ability of two or more substances to combine and form one or more new substances. Example rust forming on a nail or old car bumper, hydrogen and oxygen forming water, sodium and chlorine forming salt.

Oxygen/Iron = Rust

Signs of a Chemical Change A chemical reaction that produces one of the following: a change in color or odor, release of energy as sound, heat, light, clouding, or bubbling (sign of a gas being created). A precipitate forms when two chemical dissolved in water create a cloudy solid.

Precipitate

Physical changes do not change the composition of a substance. Chemical changes do alter the composition of a substance. Physical changes are easily reversed(water melts/freezes). Chemical changes are not easily reversed (cake ingredients/baking a cake).