HOW I CAN RESIST PRESSURE TO CHOOSE RISK BEHAVIORS FOR HIV INFECTION 1.Be confident and say, “NO, I do not want to risk becoming infected with HIV.” 2.Give reasons you will not choose risk behaviors for HIV infection. 3.Repeat your reasons for NOT choosing risk behaviors for HIV infection. 4.Do not send a mixed message. 5.Avoid situations in which there might be pressure to choose risk behaviors for HIV infection. 6.Break off a relationship when someone continues to pressure you to choose risk behaviors for HIV infection. 7.Influence others to AVOID risk behaviors for HIV infection.

10 REASONS WHY YOU DO NOT WANT TO BECOME INFECTED WITH AN STD 1.I want to live a long, productive and healthful life. 2.I want to keep my body healthy. 3.I want my reproductive organs to function as they should. 4.I want to keep my body free of recurring symptoms of STDs. 5.I want to maintain self-respect. 6.I want to avoid unnecessary medical expenses. 7.I want to be able to tell a future marriage partner that I have never been infected with an STD. 8.I want to have a healthful marriage without recurring symptoms of an STD. 9.I want to remain fertile so that I have the option of being a parent. 10.I do not want to infect my offspring with an STD.

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD) - a disease caused by pathogens that are transmitted from an infected person to an unifected person during intimate sexual contact. ABSTINENCE – is choosing not to be sexually active. (choosing not to do anything to will harm your body and health)

FACTS ABOUT HIV INFECTION HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) – is a pathogen that destroys infection fighting T cells in the body. HIV infection causes AIDS. ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY (AIDS) – is a condition that results when infection with HIV causes a breakdown of the body’s ability to fight other infections. HIV IS SPREAD FROM INFECTED PERSONS TO OTHERS BY CONTACT WITH 4 BODY FLUIDS. 1.BLOOD3. BREAST MILK 2. VAGINAL SECRETIONS 4. SEMEN

WAYS HIV IS SPREAD Having sexual contact with a person infected with HIV. Sharing a needle, syringe, or other injection equipment with a person infected with HIV. Sharing a needle to make tattoos or to pierce ears or other body parts with a person infected with HIV. Having contact with the blood or other body fluids, mucous membranes, or broken skin of a person infected with HIV. Being born to a mother who is infected with HIV.

WAYS HIV IS NOT SPREAD Closed mouth kissing Hugging Touching, holding, or shaking hands Coughing or sneezing Sharing food or eating utensils Sharing towels or combs Having casual contact with friends Sharing bathroom facilities or water fountains Sharing a pen or pencil Being bitten by insects Donating blood Swimming in a pool Using a telephone or computer used by someone else

WHAT TESTS ARE USED TO DETERMINE A PERSON’S HIV STATUS You cannot tell if people are infected with HIV by the way they look. They might appear healthy because there are no symptoms at first. A person who is infected with HIV and has no symptoms can spread HIV to someone else. Any person who has chosen risky behavior should be tested for HIV. Risky behaviors are being sexually active, using injecting drugs, or sharing needles. Other persons who have certain signs or symptoms also should be tested.

HIV STATUS – is the result of testing for HIV antibodies in the blood. HIV NEGATIVE – is a term used to describe a person who does not have HIV antibodies in the blood. HIV POSITIVE – is a term used to describe a person who has HIV antibodies in the blood. ELISA – is a test used on blood or mouth fluids to check for HIV antibodies. WESTERN BLOT - is a test used to confirm ELISA. A person infected with HIV has AIDS when s(he) has 200 or fewer helper T cells or an opportunistic infection.

OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS – are infections that develop when a person has a weak immune system. 1.PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA (PCP) – is a type of pneumonia found in people who have AIDS. PCP makes it very difficult to breathe. 2.KAPOSI’S SARCOMA (KS) – is a type of cancer in people who have AIDS. KS causes purple spots to develop on the skin. 3.AIDS DEMENTIA – is a loss of brain function caused by HIV infection. It causes changes in thinking, memory, and coordination.

CHLAMYDIA – is an STD that causes inflammation of the reproductive organs. Caused: by a bacteria Spread: by having sexual contact with an infected partner. Symptoms: (MALE – painful urination, a discharge from the penis, swelling in the scrotum. These symptoms usually disappear in one to three weeks. Some males do not have any symptoms, but still can infect a partner) (FEMALE – half of infected females have no symptoms. Those who have symptoms usually experience a discharge from the vagina and burning during urination.) FACTS ABOUT CHLAMYDIA

Diagnose: a cotton swab is used to collect a sample of the discharge. Treatment: antibiotics Complications: infertility and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – a serious infection of the internal female reproductive organs (can cause scarring on the organs) An infected and pregnant female can spread chlamydia to her baby during delivery. The bacteria can enter the baby’s eyes and lungs. The baby can become blind and develop pneumonia if they are not treated)

FACTS ABOUT NGU NONGONOCOCCAL URETHRITIS (NGU) – is an STD that causes inflammation of the urethra. CAUSED: Chlamydia causes one third of cases, some cases of NGU are caused by other pathogens such as Trichomonas. SPREAD: by sexual contact with an infected partner SYMPTOMS: same as they are for Chlamydia DIAGNOSE: patient’s symptoms and laboratory testing. TREATMENT: varies depending on the pathogen that is is identifited in the lab test. COMPLICATIONS: FEMALES with NGU might develop inflammation of the cervix, PID, and infertility. MALES with NGU might develop narrowing of the urethra, inflammation of the epididymis, and infertility.

FACTS ABOUT SYPHILIS SYPHILIS – is an STD that produces chancres (hard, round, painless sores) in the genital area and damage to organs if untreated. CAUSED: by a spiral-shaped bacterium SPREAD: by having sexual contact with an infected partner (an infected pregnant female can spread syphilis to her developing baby. The bacteria enter the baby’s bloodstream) DIAGNOSE: blood test TREATMENT: antibiotics COMPLICATIONS: can be serious. Untreated syphilis progresses to a 3 rd stage. If a pregnant female has syphilis the fetus is at risk. The pregnancy might result in a miscarriage, stillbirth, or fetal death. If the baby lives, s(he) is at risk for: Mental retardation, deafness, liver failure, excessive bleeding, anemia, skin sore, and rashes.

SYMPTOMS: 1 st Stage – appear in 10 days to 3 months after sexual contact with an infected person. Chancres appear where the bacteria entered the body. MALES – chancres appear on the penis. FEMALES – they can appear outside the vagina or inside where they cannot be seen. (Chancres can appear in the mouth too) Chancres will go away in a few weeks if there is no treatment. But the disease does not go away if it is not treated. 2 nd Stage – begins 3 to 6 weeks after the chancres go away. A skin rash develops in both males and females. It can cover the whole body or part of the body. There might be fever, tiredness, headaches, sore throat, and swollen glands. Theses symptoms also go away if there is no treatment. 3 rd Stage – body organs are damaged (heart, eyes, brain, nervous system, bones and joints can be damaged. The 3 rd stage of syphilis can cause mental illness, blindness, paralysis, heart disease, liver damage, and death.

FACTS ABOUT GONORRHEA GONORRHEA – is an STD that infects the linings of the genital and urinary tracts. CAUSED: by a bacteria SPREAD: by having sexual contact with an infected partner. SYMPTOMS: (Males – include a milky discharge from the penis and painful urination. Some males have no symptoms, but they still can infect a partner.) (Females – some infected females do not have symptoms. Those who have symptoms experience burning urination and a discharge from the vagina. Without treatment, females can develop abdominal pain and bleeding between periods)

DIAGNOSE: this STD in males, the discharge is examined under a microscope. In females, bacteria from the discharge are grown and identified in the lab. TREATMENT: antibiotics COMPLICATIONS: PID in females and sterility in males and females. Without treatment, the bacteria can spread and infect the heart valves, joints, and brain. Infected pregnant females can spread gonorrhea to her baby during delivery. The bacteria enters the baby’s eyes and can lead to blindness.

FACTS ABOUT PUBIC LICE PUBIC LICE – is the infestation of the pubic hair by lice. CAUSED: lice – are insects that attach to the skin and cause itching and swelling. SPREAD: by having sexual contact with an infected partner. Lice can survive outside the body for as long as a day. They can be spread by sleeping in infested sheets, wearing infested clothing, or sharing an infested towel. SYMPTOMS: itching, and swelling in the pubic area. The lice might be visible as little black dots. DIAGNOSE: A Dr. examines the body to find the lice. TREATMENT: a prescription drug is used as a shampoo to kill the lice. OTC shampoos also can be used.

FACTS ABOUT CANDIDIASIS CANDIDIASIS – is a fungal infection that causes itching and burning. CAUSED: the fungi that cause this infection are normally present in the vagina. SPREAD: they multiply if a female takes antibiotics or uses vaginal sprays or douches. Spread by sexual contact. SYMPTOMS: (Males – itching and burning during urination.) (Females – itching, burning, and a discharge with an odor.) DIAGNOSE: a physician checks the symptoms. TREATMENT: special creams and tablets

FACTS ABOUT GENITAL HERPES CAUSED: by a virus that produces cold sores and blisters on the sex organs or in the mouth. SPREAD: by having sexual contact with an infected partner. SYMPTOMS: appear about a week after sexual contact. Clusters of small, painful blisters appear on the genital organs. The blisters break open after a few days and become red, painful open sores. There can be burning during urination. (tiredness, fever, headache, and swollen glands) symptoms last about 2 to 4 weeks. DIAGNOSE: fluid from the blisters is examined under a microscope. TREATMENT: NO CURE antiviral drugs are used to reduce the severity of the outbreak. COMPLICATIONS: NO CURE, the symptoms can recur when a person is stressed or ill. This STD can spread even when there are no symptoms. When the blisters break, it is easy for other pathogens, such as HIV, to enter the open sores. An infected female can spread genital herpes to her baby during delivery.

FACTS ABOUT VIRAL HEPATITIS VIRAL HEPATITIS – a viral infection of the liver. CAUSED: viral infection SPREAD: spread by sexual contact SYMPTOMS: often there are no symptoms, but when symptoms are present (mild fever, muscle ache, tiredness, loss of appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea) the urine can be dark and the feces pale, there can be abdominal pain and jaundice. DIAGNOSE: blood tests confirm viral hepatitis. TREATMENT: bed rest, a healthful diet, and no alcohol. Drugs are given to help the liver function. Vaccines are available for hepatitis A and B. COMPLICATIONS: increases the risk of developing liver cancer.

FACTS ABOUT GENITAL WARTS GENITAL WARTS – is an STD that produces wart-like growths on the sex organs. CAUSED: by a virus SPREAD: during sexual contact. Infected pregnant female can infect her baby during delivery. SYMPTOMS: appear 3 to 8 months after infection. The warts are soft, red or pink, and look like cauliflower. (Males – the warts appear on the penis and scrotum) (Females – the warts appear on the enternal genital and inside the vagina) DIAGNOSE: the DR. inspects the warts to make a diagnosis. TREATMENT: medication can be put on the genital warts (they can be removed with liquid nitrogen and laser surgery) COMPLICATIONS: the consequences of infection are serious. The virus remains in the body and genital warts can recur. A person who has had genital warts is at increased risk of cancers of the cervix or penis.

FACTS ABOUT TRICHOMONIASIS TRICHOMONIASIS – is an STD that infects the urethra in males and the vagina in females. CAUSED: by protozoa SPREAD: by sexual contact and by sharing damp towels with the protozoa on them. SYMPTOMS: (Males – include a thin, white discharge from the penis and painful urination. Most have no symptoms) (Females – about half of females have no symptoms. Females who have symptoms experience a green or gray vaginal discharge with an odor. They have painful urination and itching. An infected female can have a low birth weight baby) DIAGNOSE: a smear of the discharge is examined under a microscope. TREATMENT: a prescription drug