Nationalism

I. Congress of Vienna A. Ended Napoleonic Wars ( ) 1.Liberals  ; they wanted democratic reform throughout Europe 2.Staged uprisings against monarchies; most were crushed. B. Redrew many of Europe’s boundaries 1. Separated large groups of people from their traditional homelands

C. What is Nationalism? Nationality Belief in a common ethnic ancestry Language Different dialects of one lang.; one will be nat’l language Culture Shared way of life (food, dress, behavior, ideas) History Common past/experience Religion Religion shared by most of all ppl. Territory Certain territory that belongs to the ethnic group; its ‘land’

When all of the above criteria are met, and there is an independent form of government, then a nation-state has been established.

II. Nationalism A. Powerful force during the 19 th century. B. American & French Revolutions influenced the ppl. Of Latin America to establish independent nations. 1.Independence comes to French, Spanish, & Portuguese colonies

a. Toussaint L’Overture (Haiti) i. Ex-slave who became a general & diplomat ii. Seized territory in Haiti & freed slaves iii. Imprisoned by the French; other took up his cause iv. Haiti became a free nation in 1804 b. Simon Bolivar: i. Known as the ‘Liberator’ ii. Led the Venezuelan revolutionaries against Spain iii. After 10 years of fighting, Venezuela won its independence in 1821

C. Europe 1. In Europe, a widespread demand for political rights = revolutions & legislative actions. 2. National pride, economic competition, & democratic ideals stimulated nationalism. 3. The Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent & unsuccessful revolutions in 1848.

4. Italy: Became a nation-state along with the rest of Europe. a. Northern Italy: i. Count Camillo di Cavour: became Prime Minister under King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia. ii. Provokes a war with Austria, with French help, & expels the Austrians from all the territory in Northern Italy, except Venice

b. Southern Italy: i. Garibaldi & his followers, the Red Shirts, marched across Southern Italy & won the support of people to unify the south with Sardinia & the north c. Unified Italy i. Northern & Southern united when Garibaldi agreed to step aside & let King Victor Emmanuel II rule all the territory (1861)

Garibaldi & Cavour

5. Germany a. Prussia leads the way under Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck i appointed Chancellor of the largest German-speaking state, Prussia. ii. Within 10 years, he successfully united all German states iii. Used the policy of Blood & Iron to achieve his goals (warfare for unity) iv. Master of realpolitik: tough policy with no room for idealism; ‘end justifies the means’

Otto von Bismarck

Unification of Germany,1865–1871

b. 3 wars to increase Prussia’s size, strength, territory and prestige. i. 1864: form alliance with Austria to ‘liberate’ German-speaking lands of Schleswig & Holstein form Denmark. Holstein form Denmark. ii. 1866: provoked war with Austria & then defeated her in 7 weeks; took control of defeated her in 7 weeks; took control of Northern Germany. Northern Germany. iii. 1870: Rallied southern Germany by provoking iii. 1870: Rallied southern Germany by provoking war with France war with France a. the Franco-Prussian War. b. France was defeated & Germany was untied and POWERFUL! c. the Second Reich

Germany Today Germany Today

3. Great Britain a. Was a contrast with “continental” Europe. b. Expanded political rights through legislative means (Parliament) c. Made slavery illegal in the British Empire

III. Old Empires A. Austrian Habsburgs 1. Empire includes German- speaking Austrians & many Slovaks 2. Dual Kingdom of Austria- Hungary created

B. Ottoman Turks 1. Eastern Europe to the Balkans, North Africa, & the Middle East :Serbia won autonomy : Greece won independence 4. Greatly weakening

IV. Russia A. Serfdom still exists 1.Keeps Russia’s economy backwards b/c there is no incentive : Crimean War: Ottomans v. Russians a. Russia is defeated : Alexander II emancipates the serfs B. 1890s: Transiberian RR is built C. Turmoil: 1. pogroms: violent mob attacks on Jews; force many to flee