신성 식 조양 진 백승 운

1. Backgroud 2. Comparison 3. Vocabularies 4. Summary 5. Authors & Works

* Revolutions in the 20th century. * A decline in religious roles. * Tchaikovsky,Chopin,Dvorak, Grieg

* Similarities Similar tendency in description. * Differences Realism : Accurate and complete reproduction. Naturalism : Logical development

Coincidence Coincidence : two events that happen, by chance, at the same time. Ideology Ideology : set of ideas that may point the way for society. Proportion Proportion : quantitative (or due) relationship. Naturalism Naturalism : the idea that art and literature should present the world and people just as science shows they really are. Impression Impression : effect produced on the mind.

TrendTrend : direction of development. ContemporaryContemporary : at the same time – today or when an author was writing. DescriptionDescription : give a conception or account. SympathySympathy : oneness of feeling or opinion ProtestProtest : speak write or act against something that one believes is wrong. ContrastContrast : show the difference between one thing and another.

DeterminedDetermined : a firm decision, resolute. VeritismVeritism : truth (socio-philosophical ideology) MolassesMolasses : a thick, dark brown syrup. IronyIrony : a subtle form of humour which involves saying things that you do not mean. ConsciousnessConsciousness : Your mind & thought.

Since by 1875, American literature : romanticism ⇒ realism * Since by 1875, American literature : romanticism ⇒ realism - Bret Harte and Mark Twain : in the true-to-life descriptions. - Howells : characters are very complex and very unromantic, - attacks such romantic nonsense and attacks the evils of American capitalism. Meanwhile, In French * Meanwhile, In French - novelists were changing the relationship between literature and society. - For them, realism was an ideology and the novel had the power to become a political weapon.

* In the 1890s, many realists became “naturalist” - In studying human life, the naturalist used the discoveries and knowledge of modern science - Stephen Crane : characters are controlled by their environment. - Harold Frederic : novels express deep doubts about the progress of American society - Hamlin Garland : a form of social protest Henry James was a realist, but not a naturalist * Henry James was a realist, but not a naturalist - not interested in business, politics or the conditions of society. - an observer of the mind rather than a recorder of the times. - but, in twentieth century literature, the “steam-of- consciousness”method has become quite common. Thanks to modern psychology and writers like Henry James * Thanks to modern psychology and writers like Henry James - We are now more interested in the workings of the mind. - We know that events inside one's head can be as dramatic as events in the outside world

Mark TwainWilliam Dean HowellsJohn W. De Forest Rebecca Harding DavisEdward BellarmyHenry James

* Authors & Works American realist author and literary critic created the first theory for American realism realized that business and businessmen were at the center of society "more smiling aspects of life.“ A Modern Instance(1882), The Rise of Silas Lapham(1885), A Hazard of New Fortunes(1890) William Dean Howells ( ) Henry James ( ) was a realist, but not a naturalist. He was an observer of the mind rather than a recorder of the times. His realism was a special kind of psychological realism. The changing consciousness of the character is the real story. Henry's older brother, the philosopher William James, gave this kind of literature a name. He called it "stream-of-consciousness" literature.

* Authors & Works Stephen Crane ( ) Hamlin Garland ( ) the first American naturalist All of Crane`s characters: be controlled by their environment Descriptions: realistic & poetic Style: far more exciting than that of the other naturalists using colors and word-sounds moving far away form Howells`s "more smiling aspects of life“ Maggie: A Girl of the Street(1893), The Red Badge of Courage(1895), The Open Boat(1898), War Is Kind his naturalism: a deep sympathy for the common people form : social protest work : Main – Travelle Roads(1891) saw life as "determined" by outside conditions hoped his novels would help change of those conditions described the failure of the "American Dream"

* Authors & Works Was not a realist or a naturalist description: terrifying events and strange forms of death. Tales of Soldiers and civilians(1891) Can Such Things Be?(1893) "Irony“ clear impression of the ironic by the whole story. The Devil's Dictionary(1911) Ambrose Bierce( )

* * * An outline of American Literature