 What was a common theme in the nullification theories held by Thomas Jefferson and John C. Calhoun?  A. The right of the individual to speak against the government  B. The right of judicial review within the Supreme Court  C. The right of states to strike down federal laws they see as unconstitutional  D. The authority of the federal government over the states  E. The right of Congress to pass all laws necessary and proper GOOOOOD MORNING!

“The progress of invention is really a threat [to monarchy]. Whenever I see a railroad I look for a republic. -Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1866 FORGING THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

 Fur-trapping- “rendezvous system”  Beavers, buffalo,  Many also thought the untouched lands of America was its defining trait “ECOLOGICAL IMPERIALISM” VS. NATURAL BEAUTY

 Population was doubling every 25 years  U.S. was 4 th most populous Western World country  Outnumbered by Russia, France, and Austria  Urban growth  What were conditions in these cities like? MOVIN’ OUT!

 Where did they come from?  What are the differences and similarities?  What were these immigrants looking for in America? IMMIGRATION

 Potato famine- 1840s  2 million perish  NINA  Ancient Order of Hibernians  “Molly Maguires”  Downtrodden, drawn to political machines- Tammany Hall in NY  “Twisting the British lion’s tail”  Over 2 million arrived from IRELAND

  1.5 million  Mostly uprooted farmers  Less politically powerful, but more widely accepted  KY Rifle, Christmas Tree, Kindergarten  Bier, and Irish whiskey spawned early temperance movements DEUTSCHLAND

 Catholic vs. Protestant education  Catholics became 5 th most powerful religious group  Order of the Star-Spangled Banner (American, or “Know-Nothing” Party)  Anti-Catholicism- “Awful Disclosures” by Maria Monk- sold over 300,000 copies: “We were sometimes invited to put ourselves to voluntary sufferings in a variety of ways, not for a penance, but to show our devotion to God. A priest would sometimes say to us— “Now, which of you have love enough for Jesus Christ to stick a pin through your cheeks?” Some of us would signify our readiness, and immediately thrust one through up to the head. Sometimes he would propose that we should repeat the operation several times on the spot; and the cheeks of a number of nuns would be bloody.” Nonetheless, America was becoming the world’s first “pluralistic society” NATIVES AND “KNOW-NOTHING”S

 Although the factory system had developed in Britain, it was slow to out produce the farms in America- land was cheap, and labor was scarce  Still, textile factories began, and immigration provided a new labor force  Eli Whitney- Cotton Gin  Why was manufacturing more prevalent in New England?  Interchangeable parts MECHANIZATION

 Unions were slow to form  Panic of 1837 dashed most efforts  Commonwealth v. Hunt  Lowell, Massachusetts  Textile mill relied heavily on force of women and children  1820s and 30s- majority of workers were young, unmarried women  English farm girls eventually replaced by Irish workers WAGE SLAVES

 “Factory girls”- New England farm girls  Choosing a spouse, family size, birth control  “little republic of the family” FACTORY GIRLS AND THE CHANGING SOCIAL SPHERE

 Roads, steamboats, canals, Iron Horse  “Market Revolution” AN ECONOMY IS MADE