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به نام خدا

Laboratory Investigation of Infectious gastroenteritis Dr f.Hajmanoochehri 93/3

Clinical impression 2nd leading cause of death Infectious diarrhoea is the most common cause of diarrhoea Nosocomial diarrhea: patients, personnel usually a self limiting condition/ only some require diagnostic studies 4-6 میلیون مرگ در سال در کودکان اهمیت عفونت در کشورهای توسعه نیافته بیشتر است 48 میلیون مورد عفونت در سال اسهال عفونی شایعنترین عل ت اسهالخصوصا» در زیر 5 سال و افراد مسن

Host defence Gastric acidity Normal peristaltic movement Normal bacterial flora استفاده از بی کربنات داروهای ضد اولسر افزایش عفونت – نقش شیر در عفونت های روده –علت تعئاد کم در بیماریزایی مواردی مثل شیگلا ای کولای 0 157 و مایکوباکتریوم توبرک.ل.زیس بعلت مقاومت انها به محیط اسیدی معده است حرکات پریستالسیم منجر به خروج می شود موارد ی مثل کلستریدیوم دیفسیل و مواردی مثل کاندیدا و استاف اروئوس فقط از بین رفتن فلور نرمال منجر به بیمای می شوند عوامل دفاعی مهم است عواملی مثل روتا ویروس و ای کلای انتروپاتوؤن عمدتا» فقط در اطفال عوامل

Inf(s) of Elimantary Tract Esophagitis : Candia (C.albicans),HSV, CMV Gastritis :H.pylori Proctitis :Chlamydia T., HSV, T.Pallidum Enteric infections miscellaneous :Crohn,s dis.: Mycobacteria Homosexuality : Mycobacterium avium شکایت بالینی خارش ترشحات موکوسی – اکثرا» عفونت های جنسی ازوفاژیت عفونی معمولا» افرادی که دچار نقص ایمنی

Pathogenesis - General mechanism در مواردی که توکسین در بیرون تشکیل شده باشد (مسموت غدایی ) بنظر بعضی عفونت گوارشی نیست بلکه مسمومیت غدایی است وموواردی مثل مسمومیت غدایی استافبلوکک و بوتولیسم در روده بیمار وجود ندارند دوز های کم عفونت ئر عواملی مثل ژیلردیا و شیگلا در مراکزی مثل مهد کودک ها و و بیمارستانها می تواند باعث طغیان شود در مواردی که عامل عفونی وترد خون می شود بغیر از مدفوع کشت خون یا ادرار می تواند مفیذ باشد 21/12/08

Some Causes of Diarrhea Bacteria Vibrio cholerae Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) Campylobacter jejeuni (most common in US) C.difficile Viruses Rotavirus Corona viruses Norwalk virus Adenovirus Calicivirus Parasites Giardia lamblia Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium

History: identifying pathogen Alternative water sources, consumption of raw or undercooked meat, raw seafood (Vibrio), un pasteurised milk (E coli, Salmonella, campylobacter) Travel to undeveloped area (wide range pathogens) Unwell patient contacts (Shigella, E coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Giardia) Recent antibiotic use Outbreaks Bloody diarrhea شایعترین علت علت اسهال مسافرتی در اسی در حد 50% : ای کلای انتروتوکسی ژنیک علل دیگر بسته به محل ویبریو – روتا ویروس نورواک – سالمونلا و شیگلا و...

Dr Ekta, Microbiology 21/12/08

Damage resulting from Infection of the GIT Pharmacologic action of bacterial toxins, local or distant to site of infection e.g. cholera, staphylococcal food poisoning Local inflammation in response to superficial microbial invasion e.g. shigellosis, amebiasis Deep invasion to blood or lymphatics; dissemination to other body sites e.g. enteric fever, hepatitis A Perforation of mucosal epithelium after infection, surgery or accidental trauma e.g. peritonitis, intra- abdominal abscesses.

Pathogenic Mechanisms Toxin production Enterotoxin Vibrio cholerae / NCV Enterotoxigenic E coli Clostridium difficile (toxin A) Campylobacter jejuni Cytotoxin Shigella spp Enterohemorrhagic E coli توکسین ویبریو دو قسمتی است که پس از ورود به سلول باعث تبدیل توکسین هیت لبیل ای کلی مشابه ویبریو است –این گونه توکسین ها بعلت تشابه انتی ژنی در تست های انتوتوکسین واکنش مثبت می دهند ر ATP به cAMP شده خروج یون و بدنبال ا Clostridium difficile (toxin B) Neurotoxin Clostridium botulinum Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cerues

Indications to send specimens to the laboratory Specific investigations are not required for most patients. A laboratory diagnosis is useful for people who: may have an infection that could benefit from specific therapy, are at risk of severe complications, at risk of spreading infection, or are involved in an outbreak.

Specimen Collection and Processing for Microbiology Feces, and in some cases rectal swabs or Duodenal aspirate clean container with a tight lid , not be contaminated delivered to lab within 1 hr, examined within 2 hours of collection Unpreserved stool specimens should be maintained at refrigerator temperature during storage and transport سواپ رکتال : 2.5 سانت داخل چرخش کامل – مدفوع روی سواپ دیده شود –پایداری 48 ساعت دذ دمای اطاق –مدفوکساع به ازمایشگاه بذسذ با نگهدارنده 24 ساعت -رکتال سواپ وقتی که مدفوع نباشددمای اطاق- سواپ رکتال برای توکسین پارازیت و انتی ؤن میروسی مناسب نیست 3 زوط دز یخچال ع بدون نگهدارنذهتا ی

continued As the stool specimen cools, the drop in pH will inhibit the growth of most Shigella spp. and some Salmonella spp. Rectal swabs should be placed in a tube transport system :Carry-Blair (most pathogen, incl. Campylobacter,Vibrio), Buffered glycerol (shigella) It is becoming standard practice to reject stool specimens for bacterial culture and parasite examination from patients who have been hospitalized longer than 3 days . For such patients, examination for the toxins produced by Clostridium difficile is recom- mended.

Lab Diagnosis of GIT Infections Direct wet mount Ova & parasites Fecal leukocytes Lactoferrin : sn & sp=WBC Gram stain Campylobacter Vibrio Modified Acid fast استفاده از میکروسکوپ تاریک و فاز کنتراست برای دیدن حرکت دارتینک و ننمای خمیده کمپیلوباکتر – برای دیدن حرکت کمپیلوباکتر اب یا سالین نباید استفاده کرد . Cryptosporidium Isospora Parasites Trichrome stain

AGGLUTINATION General priciple of agglutination : Tow phase reaction : 1-Binding of antigen an antibody 2- Lattice formation ( clumping)

bacterial serological tests

Lab Diagnosis of GIT Infections Antigen detection test Fluorescent antibody stain E coli 0157:H7 E coli 0157:H7 Campylobacter Spp. Shiga toxin : EHEC Shiga toxin, C. difficle ELISA / LA الیزا برای ژیارئیا امیب و روتا ویروس هم کاربرد دارد برای بررسی توکسین دیفسیل نیاز به 20-50میلی مدفوع –سانتزیفیوژ کردن و فیلتر کردن و گذاشتن الیزا PCR

Clostridium difficle : Culture : anerobbic; at least 96hrs Tissue culture cytotoxicity assay : gold st. 48hrs Rapid Elisa : few hours- C.Diffiicile toxin A, or A&B Latex assay for GD : low specifity –for screening New Kit : GDH & A/B toxin Latex GD + PCR : high sen & sp Colonoscpy : pseudomembranous colitis علت 25% اسهالهای ناشی از انتی بیوتیک (پنی سیلین-گلیندامایسین-سفالوسپورین ها )

Lab Diagnosis of GIT Infections Culture BA / MAC / XLD / SS / TCBS / Selenite F broth Identification tests Antibiotic susceptibility test – if needed

Culture Media Supportive Medium : BA( TSA+5%sh.Blood): yeast, Staph ,GNB Slightly selective : MacConkey /EMB : Lactose Neg: vibrio and most pathogen enterobacteriacea, Moderately selective :inhibit most enterobacteeriacea other than S & Sh : XLD, HE Highly selective : inhibit some S &Sh: bismuth sulfite, deoxycholate, brilliant green Enrichment broth: salmonella, campylobacter, Y.enterocolitica : GNB, SF , Campy-thioglycollate : campylobacter. از بین رفتن فلور نرمال و وجود تعداد زیاذی مثلا» استاف را در محیط ساپوتیئ می توان برریی کرد .اگر کلنی هادر بخش یا پهارم کشت دیدم ی شبیه به سودموناس از نظر محیط های سلکتیو 24-48 ساهت در 35 درجه –محیط انریچ : 6-8 ساعت در دمای اطاق اکسیذاز پک می کنیم اگر کلنی زیاد بود اوروموناس و پلزیوموناس پک می شود Gلاکتوز مثبت های که د ر مک کانکی میس می شود : بعضی از انواع ویبریو ،ای کلی پاتوؤن بعضی انواع ائروموناس پلزیوموناس

در امریکا سالمونلا- شیگلا و کامپیلوباکتر اجباری است و ادروموناس و پلزیومانس هم باید انجام شود . اگر در جای یرسینا زیاد شود ان هم باید جز روتین باشد در جای دیگری اگر وبا زیاد شود ان هم چز روتین می رود (مثل نواحی خلیخی در امریکا )در حالیکه نواحی مرکزی این برسی انجام نمی شود مگر موردی – ای کلای ا 157 بر اسا اتسیدانس بیماری و در موارد اسهال شدید

Specimen Processing

Selenite F broth Ingredients : Selenite F broth is an enrichment medium for the isolation of salmonella species and some shigella species from faecal or urine specimens. Ingredients : Sodium hydrogen Selenite Disodium hydrogen phosphate Peptone sodium dihydrogen phosphate Lactose Sodium Selenite inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and many Gram-negative bacteria, whereas the salmonellae are not affected. Sodium selenite is highly toxic at near-neutral pH. Buffer salts are present to help maintain the pH which may rise as the toxicity decreases . A rise in pH decreases selective activity of Selenite. A fermentable carbohydrate ( lactose) is also present to provide acid to neutralize the alkali produced when the selenite is reduced by bacteria.

Gram Negative (GN) broth is selective enrichment medium used for the cultivation of enteric pathogens including shigella and salmonella It is especially useful when the salmonella or shigella are present in low numbers.

Salmonella species Fast Facts Requires a high microbial load for infection Culture Look for LN on MAC Look for blue green colonies with blk centers on HE Look for red colonies with blk centers on XLD Fecal wbc lab test See rbc’s and wbc’s in stool

Salmonella (cont’d) Salmonella on MacConkey

Salmonella on (XLD) inhibits contaminating Gram-positive flora. Xylose is fermented by practically all coliforms bacteria and Salmonella, except for Shigella Salmonella decarboxylate lysine,causing the pH to H2S producing bacteria.

Salmonella (cont’d) Lactose negative Negative for indole, VP, phenylalanine deaminase, and urease Most produce H2S Do not grow in potassium cyanide Large and complex group of organisms; grouped by O, H, and Vi (for virulence) antigens

Shigella species Fast Facts Requires a low microbial load Fecal WBC lab test Observe blood, WBCs, pus Culture Colorless colonies(NLF) on MAC Blue green colonies of HE Red/colorless on XLD

Shigella (cont’d) Characteristics Non-motile Do not produce gas from glucose Do not hydrolyze urea Do not produce H2S on TSI Lysine decarboxylase negative ONPG positive (delayed lactose +) Possess O and some have K antigens

Shigella species Closely related to the Escherichia All species cause bacillary dysentery S. dysenteriae (Group A) S. flexneri (Group B) S. boydii (Group C) S. sonnei (Group D)

Common Bacterial Agents Causing Diarrhea Campylobacter jejuni Most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in the world Inadequately cooked poultry, untreated water, unpasteurized milk, and exposure to animals with diarrhea Self-limiting, antibiotics not needed Manifests with fever, diarrhea and abdominal cramping Poultry:lمرغ و خروس خانگی –ماکیان

Campylobacter jejuni: Fast facts Grows best at 42 degrees C Microaerophilic conditions (An atmosphere with reduced O2 (5% O2) with added CO2 (10% CO2) Several selective media can be used (eg, Skirrow’s medium) Gram-negative curved rods, “seagull wings” . محیط مناسب دیگر شارکول-سفاپرازون شکلات اگار -محیط مناسب بوسیله گاز پک قابل تهیه است – جار حاوی شمع مزان اکسیژن کافی را فراهم می نمی کند شایعترین عفونت گوارشی در امریکاست بیشتر بعت خوردن غذای خوب پخته نشده مرغ و جوجه یا مصرف شیر یا اب الوده

Escherichia coli Gastrointestinal Infections Enteropathogenic (EPEC) – primarily in infants and children; outbreaks in hospital nurseries and day care centers; stool has mucous but not blood; identified by serotyping Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) – “traveler’s diarrhea”; watery diarrhea without blood; self-limiting; usually not identified Enteroinvasive (EIEC) – produce dysentery with bowel penetration, watery diarrhea with blood; do NOT ferment lactose; identified via DNA probes

Escherichia coli (cont’d) Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC serotype 0157:H7) – associated with hemorrhagic diarrhea and hemolytic- uremic syndrome (HUS), especially in young children; undercooked hamburger, unpasteurized milk and apple cider have spread the infection; does NOT ferment sucrose; identified by serotyping Enteroaggregative (EaggEC) – cause diarrhea by adhering to the mucosal surface of the intestine; watery diarrhea; symptoms may persist for over two weeks Cider شراب یا شربت سیب

Escherichia coli (cont’d) Characteristics Dry, pink (lactose positive) colony with surrounding pink area on MacConkey

Escherichia coli (cont’d) Ferments glucose, lactose, trehalose, & xylose Positive indole and methyl red tests Does NOT produce H2S or phenylalanine deaminase Simmons citrate negative Usually motile Voges-Proskauer test negative

E. coli O157:H7 on MAC and SMAC

Less Common Agents of GI Illness Vibrio spp. Plesiomonas shigelloides Aeromonas hydrophilia Yersinia enterocolita

Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas A. General characteristics 1. glucose-ferm, grow on Mac ,Different from enterics: Oxidase-positive, B. Laboratory diagnosis 1. Specimen collection, transport, processing a. Vibrio should only be transported in Cary-Blair, Enrichment :peptonated water : because glycerol in buffered glycerol saline is toxic to vibrios 2. Direct detection methods a. Vibrios: gnr, slightly curved, rapid darting movement b. Aeromonas: gnr or coccobacilli, straight with round ends c. Plesiomonas: gnr, single, pairs, short chains, or long filaments پلزیوموناس یک عضو جدید در انترباکتریاسه است که باعث عفونت گوارسی می شود و با انتی سرم شیگلا واکنش متقاطع می دهد ولی برخلاف آن اکسیداز مثبت است از ویزگی های مشترک این باکتری ها جز فلور نرمال نیستند مخزن اصلی انها آب های شور است و معمولا“ بدنبال مصرف آب غذاهای الوده خصوصا“ غاهای دریایی –ائروموناس در بجه هاست و لی همیت ان نا مشخص از غلل همولیتیک ارومویک نیز هست Brack ish : اب شور

D. Laboratory diagnosis 3. Culture and identification a. Media i. all grow on blood and Mac ii. may be LFs or NLFs iii. Thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS); selective media for vibrio: ferments sucrose and makes yellow colonies on blue-green plate. b. Colony appearance i. look like gnrs, Aeromonas may be beta-heme ii. all are OXIDASE-POSITIVE; we look for ox+ positive that are not Pseudomonas

TCBS agar for the recovery of Vibrio sp. Gram stain of Vibrio sp. l

Yesinia enterocolitica Most common form of Yersinia Found worldwide Found in pigs, cats and dogs Human also infected by ingestion of contaminated food or water Some infections result from eating contaminated market meat and vacuum-packed beef Is able to survive refrigerator temperatures (can use “cold enrichment” to isolate) Mainly causes acute gastroenteritis with fever CIN agar (Cefsulodin-Irgasan –Nevobiocin agar )

Lab Diagnosis of GIT Infections Report & Interpretations Simple diarrhea Antibiotic rarely beneficial Antibiotics indicated if evidence of invasion C difficile: stop antibiotics and start on metro / vanco Isolation of pathogens in stool samples must be notified to public health authority