Eukaryotic Cell Organelles

Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles We focused on prokaryotic cells yesterday, so now let’s focus on eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells are found in the kingdoms of Protista (protists), Fungi (fungi, mushrooms), Plantae (plants) and Animalia (animals) There are two basic types: A) Plant Cells B) Animal Cells Because we are animals, let’s talk about us first!

Animal Cell Organelles Organelle – specialized structures inside a cell that carry out specific functions in the cell We have a whole lot of organelles within our cell and we need to talk about all of them

Cell Membrane Cell Membrane – the outside boundary of a cell which controls what enters and leaves the cell There are specific ways to enter and leave the cell and the cell membrane meets those needs (We’ll talk more about that later) The cell membrane is also called the plasma membrane

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm – semifluid material inside the cell membrane All the other organelles are inside the cytoplasm Organelles don’t just sit still without nothing to hold it The cytoplasm is like jello because things move through but they are held in position

Cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton – supporting network of long thin protein fibers that form a framework for the cell and provide an anchoring system for the organelles Just like a human skeleton—you hold your arm upright to ask a question because of your skeleton

Cytoskeleton

The Nucleus Nucleus – the control center of the cell It’s in charge of everything in the cell just like Mr. Mitchell is in charge of the school All decisions are made by him and directed by him ALL Eukaryotic Cells have a nucleus

The Nucleus

The Nucleus (Review) DNA is housed inside the nucleus mRNA is produced inside the nucleus And mRNA has to leave the nucleus with DNA’s message and genetic code and go to the cytoplasm How does it leave the nucleus???

Nuclear Pores Nuclear Pores – small openings in the nucleus which allow things to leave and enter the nucleus mRNA leaves, DNA can’t

Nucleolus Nucleolus – place inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made These leave the nucleolus and nucleus just like mRNA

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) – a membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serve as the site of protein synthesis It is called rough because it also has ribosomes on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) - a membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels to make carbohydrates and liquids and phospholipids Phospholipids are an important part of the cell membrane Does NOT have ribosomes so it is smooth

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes Ribosomes – organelles where proteins are made Protein Synthesis happens here!! They can be free or attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus Golgi apparatus – flattened stack of membrane that modifies, sorts and packages proteins into sacs called vesicles Like a stack of pancakes (Golgi is someone’s last name and is capitalized!) Once the proteins are made, they have to go to the Golgi apparatus to be packaged and sent like the post office does your packages

Golgi apparatus

Vesicle Vesicle – packages that hold things in the cell and carry them places within the cell Usually from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus and then to the cell membrane where they connect and release things outside the cell

Lysosomes Lysosomes – contain substances that digest and destroy worn out organelles, food particles, bacteria and viruses This is the clean up crew of the cell

Centrioles Centrioles – microtubules that function during cell division only When the cell isn’t dividing, they are near the nucleus When it is dividing, they move to the center and then to both sides to form microtubules for the chromosomes to attach to and move to the opposite ends of the cell

Centrioles

Mitochondria Mitochondria – power supply for the cell Mitochondria convert fuel supplies (mostly sugars) into power for cell’s to use Referred to as “powerhouses” of the cell They are made of small membranes inside a larger membrane to increase the surface area They do a whole lot of stuff in a small amount of space

Mitochondria

Plant Cells Plant cells are unique and contain organelles not found in animal cells These include vacuoles, chloroplasts and cell walls These are found only in plant cells

Cell Wall Cell Wall – wall outside the cell membrane that gives the cell more structure Plant cells are more square and rectangular in shape than animal cells because of the cell wall

Chloroplasts Chloroplasts – organelles that contain chlorophyll and are the beginning of photosynthesis in cells Chlorophyll – green pigment found in plants

Vacuole Vacuole – sac used to store water, food, enzymes and waste products in plant cells They can be largest part of a plant cell because they hold WATER for the cell to use

Flagella and Cilia Flagella – whiplike structure used for movement Cilia – shorter hairlike structures used for movement