Table of contents entry & Page heading Cornell Notes: Immigration & Urbanization

S-1 New Immigrants (Europe) 1870 – 1920, approx. 20 million Europeans immigrate to U.S – 1890, most come from N. or W. Europe 1890 – 1920, increasing numbers from E., S., or C. Europe

S-2 New Immigrants (Asia) 1851 – 1883, approx. 300,000 Chinese immigrate to U.S – 1920, approx. 200,000 Japanese immigrate to U.S.

S-3 New Immigrants (Caribbean & Mexico) 1880 – 1920, 260,000 Caribbean islanders immigrate to U.S – 1930, approx. 700,000 Mexicans immigrate to U.S.

S-4 Reasons to Leave Home Why leave home? o Religious persecution o Religious freedom o No jobs o Political unrest o Hunger and/or disease o War

S-5 Problems Settling in the U.S. Problems once they got to US... o Different language, religion, & customs o No money o No skills for industrial jobs o Discrimination/racism

S-6 Points of Entry Ellis Is., NYC... o 1 – 2 days processing time o Medical exam o Must “prove” no criminal record (how?) o Are able to work o Have at least $25 o 1892 – 1924, approx. 17 million immigrants processed Angel Is., San Francisco... o Harsh questioning o Racism o Several days detainment o 1910 – 1940, approx. 50,000 immigrants processed

S-7 Rise & Effect of Nativism Nativism = Obvious favoritism to native-born people 1897: Congress passes bill for immigrant literacy test; vetoed by Pres. Cleveland 1917: Similar bill passed into law despite Pres. Wilson’s veto (why this time?) 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act bans entry to all Chinese except... o Students o Teachers o Merchants o Tourists o Gov. officials 1906: San Fran. Board of Ed. segregated Japanese students in public schools 1907 – 1908: Pres. (Teddy) Roosevelt’s “Gentlemen/s Agreement” w/ Japan... o Schools desegregate if Japan bans unskilled laborers from emigrating

S-8 Urbanization U.S. cities in Northeast & Midwest grow in size & importance because... o Cities provide lots of jobs & housing o Cities were often immigration ports-of-entry (e.g. NY, SF, LA, NO) o Technology allowed cities to grow vertically & provide amenities o Natural disasters & mechanization forced ex-farmers to cities for work

S-9 City Problems Housing: Dirty, dangerous, & overcrowded Transportation: Trolleys, trains, & subways were used for mass transit Water: Most homes do not have indoor water; water sources became polluted as industry rose on rivers & lakes; filtration in 1870s, chlorination by 1908 Sanitation: Horse manure, open sewers, factory exhaust, littering; by 1900 many cities had sanitation services Crime: Police forces small & not well trained; corruption, discrimination, excessive force Fire: Overcrowding, lack of fire hydrants, & volunteer fire brigades made fires extremely destructive

Reminder Write a 3 – 4 sentence summary about the notes; focus on the reducing things to main ideas and the W-5s. Write a 2 – 3 sentence reflection about the notes; describe how the knowledge and understanding you gained will be useful in the future. FYI: Your summary and reflection are assigned work, and will be checked-off tomorrow.