Respiratory System To hear the first half of these notes, go to:

Functions: 1.Gas Exchange – O 2 and CO 2 2.Regulation of Blood pH – CO 2 levels 3.Voice production – Air past vocal cords 4.Olfaction – airborne molecules into nasal cavity 5.Innate immunity – Physical protection

Respiration refers to Respiration refers to: A. ventilation, the movement of air into and out of the lungs B. gas exchange between the air in the lungs and blood C. movement of gas in the bloodstream and D. gas exchange between blood and tissues

Upper Respiratory Tract A.Nose & Nasal Cavity Nares 1. Nostrils = Nares Choane 2. Choane – openings into Pharynx 3. Nasal septum – Separates nasal cavity

4. Hard palate – Separates nasal cavity from oral cavity. 5. Conchae – 3 bony ridges to increase surface area of nasal cavity and “swirl” incoming air.

Conchae

Nares Oral cavity Larynx Apex of rt. lung Right bronchus Diaphragm Conchae Nasopharynx x Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Trachea Pleural membrane Left Bronchus bronchiole Alveoli

6. Paranasal Sinuses – Air-filled cavities in the nasal cavity named for the bones in which they are located (maxillary, frontal, etc.) 6. Paranasal Sinuses – Air-filled cavities in the nasal cavity named for the bones in which they are located (maxillary, frontal, etc.)

PARANASAL SINUSES PARANASAL SINUSES : a.) Lined with mucus membranes to moisten the air breathed in moisten the air breathed in (aids in O2 absorption.) (aids in O2 absorption.) b.) Affect voice quality: Resonating chambers. Reduce skull weight c.) Reduce skull weight Nasal Immune role: Trap dust, virus and bacteria in mucus, cilia sweep the mucus to the stomach.

Pharynx – 3 regions.

1.Nasopharynx 1.Nasopharynx – Choane to uvula. A. Soft palate forms floor. B. Uvula & Soft palate close nasopharynx during swallowing. C. Contains pharyngeal tonsil Infected and inflamed tonsil

2. Oropharynx – Uvula to epiglottis. A. Food, fluid and air passage. B. Contain palatine and lingual tonsils. 3. Laryngopharynx – Epiglottis to esophagus.

What keeps food from entering the nasopharynx? Uvula What keeps food from entering the larynx and trachea? Epiglottis What is the name of the opening into the voice box? Glottis What is the proper name of the “voice box?” Larynx Keep asking yourself these type of questions as you begin now to study for the test in several days.

Lower Respiratory Tract A. Larynx: (Voice box) A. Larynx: (Voice box) Connects Pharynx to Trachea. 1.9 cartilage pieces connected by muscles and ligaments rd unpaired cartilage is the Epiglottis, prevents materials from entering larynx during swallowing.

3. Vocal cords – 2 pairs of ligaments a.) Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) b.) Vocal folds (true vocal cords) 1.) force of air controls volume. 2.) tension controls pitch.

Trachea Trachea “Windpipe” – Membranous tube reinforced with “C-shaped” cartilaginous pieces to hold tube open. 1.Connects Larynx to Bronchi

Bronchi Bronchi ( Bronchus singular) – Branch from trachea to the left and right lungs in many branches called the Tracheobronchial tree.

This eventually branches several times to become the Respiratory Bronchioles which contain theAlveolar ducts and Alveoli.

300 million Alveoli sacs covered with capillaries for gas exchange.

Conchae Nasopharynx Oropharynx Larynx Trachea Left bronchus Pleural membrane Bronchiole Alveoli Diaphragm

Lungs Shape and Location: Conical shaped with base resting on Diaphragm, apex pointing to clavicle.

Right lung – 3 lobes Left lung – 2 lobes Apex of lung Base of lung Base of lung

Hilum: “Root” of the lung – point of entry of bronchus, pulmonary blood vessels & nerves into lung.

Normal bronchioles/alveoli Asthmatic bronchioles/alveoli

Pleural Cavity: (Lung cavities) 1. Lined with serous membranes (parietal and visceral) = pleural membranes. 2. Pleural fluid – lubricant between parietal & visceral membranes.

Pleural membranes - closed sacs enveloping each lung. Visceral layer (green) “stuck” to lung. Parietal layer (blue) is thicker and is attached to the walls of the thorax (e.g., diaphragm, ribs, etc). The layers are continuous at the hilum of the lung.

Pneumothorax Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) - The collection of air in the space around the lungs. This buildup of air puts pressure on the lung, so it cannot expand as much as it normally does when you take a breath.

Apnea – “A-” is “without” “pnea” is breathing. Period of time without external breathing. Sleep apnea is when there are extended periods of apnea while sleeping, causing the body to awake or rest uneasy.

Lymphatic Supply: Drains lymph from lungs 1. Phagocytes carry debris to lymph vessels. 2. Debris that remains in lungs causes them to turn gray or black. 3. Cancer can spread via lymph vessels

City dwellers lung

Cigar/cigarette/joints/etc. cause tracheal damage by: A.Ciliated (mucosa) epithelium is replaced by squamous epithelium. B. M ucus & debris accumulate in trachea. C. R espiratory infections are likely because C. R espiratory infections are likely because of accumulated mucus. of accumulated mucus. D. Irritation and inflammation stimulate D. Irritation and inflammation stimulate the cough reflex. the cough reflex.

Normal lungSmoker lung

Tidal volume – Amount of air exchanged in normal, resting breathing. Inspiratory Reserve volume – Amount of air taken in above and beyond tidal volume. Expiratory Reserve Volume – Amount of expired beyond normal breathing.

Practice and know these.

Surfactant

Surfactant contains phospholipids and lipoproteins that reduces surface tension in the lung, contributing to its general compliance and stabilizes the alveoli for quick recoil.

Get ready to give your cat a tracheotomy.

Keep studying for your test.