Respiratory System

Lungs & Air passages Responsible for taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 4 – 6 minute supply of oxygen Includes: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and lungs

Nose 2 nostrils Nasal septum Nasal cavities –Lined with a mucous membrane –Rich blood supply –Air is warmed, filtered, and moistened

Nose Nasal cavities –Mucous helps trap pathogens and dirt –Cilia Tiny hairlike structures in nasal cavity Also trap dirt and pathogens as they enter nose so they can be pushed toward the esophagus and be swallowed –Olfactory receptors –Nasolacrimal ducts drain tears from the eye into the nose to provide additional moisture for the air

Sinuses Cavities in the skull around the nasal area Connected to the nasal cavity by short ducts Lined with mucous membrane that warms and moistens air Also provide resonance for the voice

Pharynx Lies directly behind the nasal cavities Three sections –Nasopharynx Upper section behind nose –Oropharynx Middle section behind oral cavity –Laryngopharynx bottom section Branches to esophagus & trachea

Larynx Voice box (Adam's apple) Lies between the pharynx and trachea Vocal cords –Opening between cords is called the glottis –Vocal cords vibrate and produce sound –Tongue and lips act on the sound to produce speech

The larynx (superior view).

Epiglottis Special piece of cartilage Leaf like structure that closes the opening into the larynx during swallowing Prevents food and liquids from entering the respiratory tract

Trachea Tube carries air between the pharynx and bronchi Series of c-shaped cartilage

Bronchi Two divisions of the trachea near the center of the chest Each bronchus enters a lung Smaller branches are called bronchioles End in air sacs called alveoli

Alveoli Air sacs –500 million alveoli –Contain rich network of blood capillaries –Inner surface of alveoli are covered with surfactant Lipid or fatty substance Helps prevent alveoli from collapsing

Lungs Organs that contain divisions of the bronchi and alveoli Right lung has three sections or lobes Left lung has only two lobes Pleura is membrane or sac enclosing each lung

Health Lung Tissue

Organs of the respiratory system

Structures of the Respiratory System Diaphragm Muscle that separated the lower portion of the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. –It contracts and moves down during inspiration –Expiration occurs when the diaphragm

Mechanics of Breathing

Pathway of air from the nose to the capillaries of the lungs.

Tests for the Respiratory System X-rays Used to look for diseases, tumors, foreign bodies, or other changes over time. Take a deep breath & hold it during the x- ray No necklaces or earrings during chest/head x-ray

Tracheostomy Tube is surgically inserted into wall of the trachea procedure is called tracheotomy May need frequent suctioning (esp. at first) Reason A. Been on ventilator more than 2 weeks More comfortable than a ventilator Can speak with use of special device Can eat B. Upper airway obstruction (ex. Tumor) C. Head and neck surgery (swelling) D. Dysfunction of the larynx E. Trauma to face with multiple fractures F. Need to clear secretions in patients with depressed cough, neuro disorders, or aspiration.

A) Tracheostomy. B) Healed tracheostomy incision

Keeping an Open Airway Tube Thoracostomy Chest tube is passed through a small incision in the skin to continuously drain pleural spaces after thoracotomy. This is due to air in chest cavity Fluid, including blood in chest cavity Chest tube connected to a drainage system Drainage system is always kept lower than the lungs.

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Endotracheal intubation Endotracheal intubation- the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea for maintenance of the airway, as during the administration of anesthesia. vxXGb4

Endotracheal intubation.

Pneumothorax- Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity, occurring as a result of disease or injury or as a treatment of TB and other lung diseases.

Bronchogenic carcinoma.

Disorders of the Respiratory System Anthrax –Caused by spores of the bacterium Asthma attack –May result from exposure to an allergen, cold temperature, exercise, or emotion. Spasm and narrowing of the bronchi which leads to bronchial airway obstruction. Atelectasis –A collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury

Disorders of the Respiratory System (CONTINUED) Bronchitis –An infection of the bronchi – Carbon monoxide poisoning –Occurs from breathing carbon monoxide Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) –A group of chronic respiratory disorders including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema. Chronic inflammation of the bronchi that persists for a long time.

Disorders of the Respiratory System (CONTINUED) Cold –A respiratory infection Cystic fibrosis –A genetic disorder of the exocrine glands Emphysema –The alveoli lose elasticity and become dilated and do not exchange gases well

Disorders of the Respiratory System (CONTINUED) Hantavirus –A respiratory condition spread by breathing in materials contaminated by urine or saliva of infected rodents such as deer mice and chipmunks Hay fever –A respiratory inflammation caused by allergens such as plants, dust, and food Lung cancer –Directly linked to smoking and smoke products

Disorders of the Respiratory System (CONTINUED) Pleural effusion –A condition in which air or fluid enters the pleural cavity Pleurisy –An inflammation of the membranes that line the lungs Pneumonia –An inflammation of the lungs, in which a buildup of excessive moisture impairs breathing. Caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infections.

Disorders of the Respiratory System (CONTINUED) Pneumothorax. Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity, occurring as a result of disease or injury or as a treatment of TB and other lung diseases.

Disorders of the Respiratory System (CONTINUED) Pneumoconiosis –An inflammation in the lungs caused by inhaled irritants Respiratory acidosis –A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, causing a lowered blood pH Respiratory alkalosis –A deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood

Disorders of the Respiratory System (CONTINUED) Respiratory distress syndrome – A condition that occurs when the alveoli do not inflate properly Sinusitis –An inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) –A respiratory disorder of newborns

Disorders of the Respiratory System (CONTINUED) Tuberculosis (TB) –Caused by bacteria that are difficult to destroy, and it can be transmitted through the air Upper respiratory infection (URI) –Caused by a virus or bacteria in the nose, pharynx, or larynx

WORKPLCE RISK Miners Anthracosis –coal dust in lungs –Know Silicosis-Silica or glass dust in the lungs occurs in mining occupations. Chemicals –Symptoms-memory loss, fatigue, impaired concentration, violent mood swings, hypersensitivity to other chemicals –Wear protective gear when working in or near products which could be damaging to your health if inhaled Pesticide Industry Cleaning Products/Manufacturing Chemical Plants Know Asbestosis-asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs. Call Poison Control for Emergencies.