Anatomy and Physiology The Respiratory System

BREATHING NCMpyYhttps:// NCMpyY

The Respiratory System is the system that takes in O 2 from the environment and exchanges it for CO 2. In addition, this system traps particles from the air (that came in with the O 2 ), control temperature and water loss, produce vocal sounds and aid in smell and maintaining blood pH. 1~Respiratory-System-Posters.jpg

The Organs of the Respiratory System: nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.

The Nose: this contains 2 nostrils or nares (openings), bone and cartilage, & internal hairs. Its function is for air exchange and trapping of particles from the air

The Nasal Cavity: This is the opening (hollow space) behind the nose. It is divided into 2 parts by the nasal septum (bone). It also contains passageways divided by nasal conchae (lobes)

The Nasal Cavity: It is lined by mucous membranes which has cilia & BVs –The mucus traps particles –The cilia provide sweeping movements that direct the air & particles –The BVs warm incoming air into the body (adjusting it to the body’s temp)

The Paranasal Sinuses: are air-filled spaces in the skull bones (specifically, frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, & sphenoid) are lined with mucous membranes affect the sound quality of the voice a sinus headache is (not only painful but) a blocked sinus (it cannot drain properly). This can be caused by allergies or infection.

Paranasal Sinuses:

The Pharynx: a.k.a. throat passageway for both food (leading to esophagus) and air (leading to larynx) aids in sound production

The Larynx: a small passageway that connects the pharynx to the trachea allows air to pass through, preventing particles from entering the trachea houses the vocal cords composed of muscle and cartilage: –thyroid cartilage (a.k.a. Adam’s apple): largest of these; found in the mid-section of the larynx. Do women have Adam’s apples? –epiglottic cartilage: found at the top of the larynx; supports the epiglottis (a flaplike structure that allows air to pass through the trachea but prevents food & liquids to enter)

The Trachea: a.k.a. windpipe the tube in front of the esophagus splits into the left and right bronchi contains a ciliated mucoid lining which filters air particles and transports air down into the bronchial tree the wall is lined with C-shaped hyaline cartilage that hold the tube open while the opening of the “C” is supported with muscle which is movable. This allows room for the esophagus to expand when swallowing.

The Bronchial Tree: branched airways (left & right) that come from the trachea these are supported by cartilage until they get smaller & smaller in size (the amount of cartilage decreases with the decrease in size) these provide the passageway of air into the lungs cf/300px-3DScience_respiratory_labeled.jpg

From largest (and the trachea) to the lungs: Bronchi move air into bronchioles. Bronchioles move air into alveolar ducts then to alveolar sacs then finally alveoli Alveoli are where gas exchange takes place; capillaries (a capillary net) are in close contact with these, allowing gases to enter and exit the bloodstream. Gas exchange occurs here via diffusion.

The Lungs: these are soft spongy organs that are found within the thoracic cavity they are enclosed & protected by the ribs and sternum and separated by the mediastinum they contain: air passages, alveoli, BVs, connective tissue, lymphatic tissue & nerves the right lung contains 3 lobes while the left lobe contains 2 lobes. Each lobe is supplied by a branch of the bronchial tree

Each lung is covered by: –Visceral pleura: serous membrane that follows the shape of the lung –Parietal pleura: serous membrane that covers the visceral pleura –Pleural cavity: potential space in between these; contains small amount of serous fluid to reduce friction during breathing Products/Dissecting-Fractals_bestanden/dissecting_lungs.jpeg

Respiratory Physiology Cellular respiration is the use of O 2 by cells (and release of CO 2 ); this is how we produce ATP from food. Respiration is the exchange of O 2 with CO 2

Respiration occurs in 4 steps: 1.ventilation: breathing in O 2 & out CO 2 (lungs fill with air & empty) 2.external respiration: gas exchange between air & blood 3.gas transport by blood throughout body 4.internal respiration: gas exchange between blood & body cells

Breathing Mechanism: a.k.a. ventilation occurs by inspiration (breathing in, or inhalation) and expiration (breathing out, or exhalation) the pressure on the inside of the lungs is about the same as the pressure on the outside of the thoracic cavity The diaphragm contracts & relaxes, allowing inspiration & expiration.

Nonrespiratory Air Movements: Air movements with the respiratory system for reasons other than air exchange. –This can be coughing, sneezing, laughing, crying, hiccupping, or yawning. –A hiccup is a spasm of the diaphragm. –Yawning is usually to aid the body in taking deep breaths. –These are considered reflexes. –Coughing & sneezing generally clear air passages

Respiratory Imbalances: Emphysema is a disease of the lungs in which the alveolar walls degenerate. This is a progressive disease that reduces the elasticity of the alveoli. This is caused by tobacco smoke, pollution or heredity.

Respiratory Imbalances: Lung cancer is the abnormal cell growth in the lungs. This has a variety of causes, from tobacco to asbestos. This disease metastasizes to major organs and is not treated with much success.

Bronchoscope (to detect abnormalities): humb/8/82/300px-Bronchoscopy1.jpg Collapsed Lung: Lung Cancer:

Breathing Control: Breathing is a reflex (occurs even when unconscious) It is rhythmic and involuntary The muscles can be controlled, however Respiratory Center: –This is a group of neurons found in the brain: pons and medulla oblongata onc/bio201_McKinley/f15- 20a_pons_longitudin_c.jpg

Control of Respiration: Physical Factors: nonrespiratory movements Conscious Control: exercise Emotional Factors: fear; pain Chemical Factors: levels of O 2 & CO 2

Asthma Y0fXKYhttps:// Y0fXKY

In the United States, the term "COPD" includes two main conditions—emphysema and chronic bronchitis.emphysemachronic bronchitis

CHOKING

This slide show was developed by Dana Halloran, Cardinal Mooney High School, Sarasota, FL. Used with her personal permission, adapted and amended by Rosa Whiting, Manatee School for the Arts, Palmetto, FL.