Imperialism Chapter 27

What is Imperialism? –Mother country extends power and force over a smaller, weaker country. –Seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country

What are the Cases? Need for raw materials Need for raw materials Need a place to sell manufactured goods Need a place to sell manufactured goods Military basis Military basis To make money To make money White Man’s Burden – colonize to civilize Africa and Asia White Man’s Burden – colonize to civilize Africa and Asia

Factors Driving Imperialism Belief in European Superiority Belief in European Superiority –Race for colonies grows out of national pride –Racism—belief that one race is better than others –Social Darwinism—survival of the fittest applied to human society Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa –Technological inventions like steam engine, Maxim gun help conquest –Perfection of quinine protects Europeans from malaria –Within Africa, Africans are divided by language and culture

What are the Forms? –Colony  a country of a territory governed internally by a foreign power  ex: Somaliland in E. Africa was a French colony –Protectorate  a country or a territory with its own internal government but under control of an outside power  ex: Great Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River delta

What are the Forms? –Sphere of influence  an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges  ex: Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the United States –Economic Imperialism  an independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments  ex: the Dole Fruit Company controlled the pineapple trade in Hawaii (prior to being a US State)

Examples… 5 Colonies Mother Country 5 Colonies Mother Country Puerto Rico  Spain Puerto Rico  Spain Dominican Republic  Spain Dominican Republic  Spain Haiti  France Haiti  France Guyana  England Guyana  England Jamaica  England Jamaica  England

How many countries colonized Africa? - 10 –Belgium –Boer –Britain –France –Germany –Italy –Ottoman Empire –Portugal –Spain –Independent states

Struggle for Africa –Conquest  superior –technologically –weapons –transportation

Division of Africa A. The Lure of Wealth  Discovery of gold and diamonds increases interest in colonization B. Berlin Conference Divides Africa –Berlin Conference—14 nations agree on rules for division (1884–85) –Countries must claim land and prove ability to control it – By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia are free of European control

C. Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies –Raw materials are greatest source of wealth in Africa –Businesses develop cash-crop plantations

Conflict a. Zulus Fight the British a. Zulus Fight the British –Shaka—Zulu chief—creates centralized state around 1816 –British defeat Zulus and gain control of Zulu nation in 1887 b. Boers and British Settle in the Cape b. Boers and British Settle in the Cape –Boers, or Dutch farmers, take Africans’ land, establish large farms –Boers clash with British over land, slaves  -move north to escape British c. The Boer War c. The Boer War –Boer War between British, Boers begins in 1899 –British win; Boer republics united in Union of South Africa (1910)

ManagementIndirectly  US & G.B. – rely on existing leaders Directly  French on rely on paternalism –parent country provide basic needs, no rights Assimilation  learn to be the same Resistance  Nigeria – Britain  Algeria – 50 yrs fight French – French win  E, NW Africa – Germany  Ethiopia – –Menelik II –Italy – Battle of Adowa – defeat Italy

PositivesNegatives 1. reduced local warfare1. Africans lose control of land and independence 2. improved sanitation, hospitals, schools 2. died of new diseases 3. lifespan and literacy increased3. famines because of cash crops 4. African products came to be valued 4. Africans had a breakdown of culture 5. railroads, dams, and telephone/ telegraph lines were built in African colonies – economic expansion 5. division of African people 6. Africans resisted against Europeans

European Imperialism

The Great Game War between Great Britain and Russia War between Great Britain and Russia Russia wanted to expand empire to access India’s riches Russia wanted to expand empire to access India’s riches Afghanistan – between British and Russian borders – topic of interest Afghanistan – between British and Russian borders – topic of interest British withdraw in 1881 British withdraw in 1881

Ottoman Empire Suleiman I – dies – weakens empire Suleiman I – dies – weakens empire Greece, Serbia – gain independence Greece, Serbia – gain independence

Geopolitics Taking land for location and resources Taking land for location and resources Russia – gain access to a warm water port Russia – gain access to a warm water port

Crimean War British and Russian War British and Russian War British and French align with Ottomans British and French align with Ottomans First war recorded by the news First war recorded by the news First women war nurses – Florence Nightingale First women war nurses – Florence Nightingale

Egypt Initiates Reforms Adjust to or be consumed by modern world Adjust to or be consumed by modern world Political and Social Reforms Political and Social Reforms Military and Economic Reforms Military and Economic Reforms –modernization created by French occupation –new leader Mohammad Ali

Egypt continued Mohammad Ali Mohammad Ali –heirs recognized as heredity rulers of Egypt –Military and Economy reforms –Egyptian Agriculture  plantation cash crops – cotton –Egypt – international marketplace  peasants lost land Suez Canal Suez Canal –Isma’il grandson of Mohammad Ali –Supported Suez Construction –Connects Red and Med. Sea –Due to debt – British occupied Egypt and oversaw financial control of canal

Persia Russia / Britain exploited commercially to bring country under own sphere of influence Russia / Britain exploited commercially to bring country under own sphere of influence To gain $, Persia involved in Western Businesses To gain $, Persia involved in Western Businesses People oppose – dislike Western Influence People oppose – dislike Western Influence

British Imperialism in India

East India Company Dominates British East India Company rules India until 1850s British East India Company rules India until 1850s Company has its own army led by British officers Company has its own army led by British officers Army is staffed by sepoys—Indian soldiers Army is staffed by sepoys—Indian soldiers

Britain’s Jewel in the Crown India is Britain’s most valuable colony, or “jewel in the crown” India is Britain’s most valuable colony, or “jewel in the crown” huge amount of raw materials huge amount of raw materials huge amount of people to purchase them and harvest raw materials huge amount of people to purchase them and harvest raw materials Forced to produce raw materials for British manufacturing Forced to produce raw materials for British manufacturing Britain set up laws that force to buy British goods Britain set up laws that force to buy British goods

British Transport Trade Goods Railroads move cash crops and goods faster Railroads move cash crops and goods faster Trade in specific crops is tied to international events Trade in specific crops is tied to international events

Impact of Colonialism

Positive 1. Increased and modernized railroad network 3rd larges in the world 1. Increased and modernized railroad network 3rd larges in the world when completed brought unity to the country when completed brought unity to the country 2. Rode network, telephone, telegraph, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals allowed for modernization 2. Rode network, telephone, telegraph, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals allowed for modernization 3. Sanitation and Public health improved 3. Sanitation and Public health improved 4. End to local warfare 4. End to local warfare

Negative 1. British held political and economic power 1. British held political and economic power –Restricted Indian owned Industry –Emphasis on cash crops resulted in smaller food supply and famine 2. Traditional Indian culture was threatened due to racist attitudes 2. Traditional Indian culture was threatened due to racist attitudes

Sepoy Mutiny Indians Rebel Indians Rebel Sepoy’s refuse to use cartridges of new rifles for religious reasons Sepoy’s refuse to use cartridges of new rifles for religious reasons Many Sepoys are jailed; others start Sepoy Mutiny against British Many Sepoys are jailed; others start Sepoy Mutiny against British Many Indians, especially Sikhs, remain loyal toBritish Many Indians, especially Sikhs, remain loyal toBritish

Sepoy Mutiny Turning Point Turning Point British put down rebellion, take direct command of India British put down rebellion, take direct command of India Raj—term for British rule over India, lasts from 1757 to 1947 Raj—term for British rule over India, lasts from 1757 to 1947 Uprising increases distrust between British and Indians Uprising increases distrust between British and Indians

Nationalism Indian National Congress and Muslim League Indian National Congress and Muslim League –called for self government –specific concerns for Indians Partition of Bengal Partition of Bengal –Hindu and Muslim section –terrorism –1911 – British take back order and divide differently

Imperialism in SE Asia

Europeans Race to Claim Pacific Rim Lands of Southeast Asia that border Pacific Ocean form Pacific Rim Lands of Southeast Asia that border Pacific Ocean form Pacific Rim Dutch, British, French, Germans claim parts of Pacific Rim Dutch, British, French, Germans claim parts of Pacific Rim  establish trading ports  land perfect for plantation agriculture

Dutch Expand Control a.Dutch colonies, called Dutch East Indies, include Indonesia a.Dutch colonies, called Dutch East Indies, include Indonesia b.Settle Indonesia, establish rigid social class system b.Settle Indonesia, establish rigid social class system

British Take the Malayan Peninsula Britain seizes Singapore as a port and trading base Britain seizes Singapore as a port and trading base Also gets colonies in Malaysia, Burma Also gets colonies in Malaysia, Burma Chinese immigration to Malaysia creates problems Chinese immigration to Malaysia creates problems

French Control Indochina French come to control Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia French come to control Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia Directly control French Indochina Directly control French Indochina Export rice, angering Vietnamese Export rice, angering Vietnamese

Colonial Impact Modernization mainly helps European businesses Modernization mainly helps European businesses Education, health, sanitation improve Education, health, sanitation improve Millions migrate to Southeast Asia to work in mines, plantations Millions migrate to Southeast Asia to work in mines, plantations Colonialism leads to racial and religious clashes Colonialism leads to racial and religious clashes

Modernization in Spain –Siam remains independent, neutral zone between French, British –King Mongkut modernizes country: starts schools starts schools reforms legal system reforms legal system reorganizes government reorganizes government builds transportation and telegraph systems builds transportation and telegraph systems ends slavery ends slavery

Pacific Islands Philippines Philippines –US gains control after Spanish American War –take down three year nationalist revolt –promise to prepare for self rule –focus on cash crops leads to food shortages

Pacific Islands Hawaii Hawaii –US has sugar cane plantations –75% of Hawaii’s wealth –American businessmen want annexation –1898 US annexes Hawaii