Nervous System Divisions Central Nervous System (CNS) – Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – All other nervous tissue throughout the body

Central Nervous System (CNS) Nerve Tissue: – White Matter or Gray Matter

The Brain One of the largest organ of the body – Physical and mental activity – Memory, emotion, thought, judgment, reasoning and consciousness Four major structures – Cerebrum – Cerebellum – Diencephalon – Brainstem

Cerebrum Sensory, perception and interpretation, language, voluntary movement, memory, emotional behavior

Corpus Callosum Communicate right & left

Lobes of the Cerebrum

Cerebellum Functions involve movement, equilibrium and balance

Diencephalon Thalamus: – Receives all sensory stimuli except olfactory Hypothalammus – Regulates the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Brainstem 3 Structures: Midbrain, Medulla, Pons Controls respirations, blood pressure, and heart rate

Spinal Cord Ascending tracts: Sensory nerve Descending tracts: Motor nerve

Meninges 3 layers: Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Important Word Roots Cerebr/o Crani/o Encephal/o Mening/o, meningi/o Thalam/o

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) All nervous tissue located outside of the spinal column and brain Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves Subdivided: Somatic nervous system(SNS) and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Somatic Nervous System (SNS) Nerve Fibers that – Transmit sensory info to the brain, spinal cord, and nerve fibers – Transmits impulses from brain and spinal cord to muscles

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Nerve Fibers that – Control involuntary movement: digestion, heart contractions, vasoconstriction, regulation of secretions by glands – Subdivided: Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Sympathetic Fight or Flight

Parasympathetic Rest and Digest

Autonomic Nervous System

Cranial Nerves May be sensory, motor or mixed – Sensory: ascending (afferent) – Motor: descending (efferent)

12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves I Olfactory: smell II Optic: Vision III Oculomotor: eyelid/eyeball motor IV Trochlear: Turns eye V Trigeminal: Chewing, face & mouth touch, pain VI Abducens: Turns eye laterally

12 Cranial Nerves VII Facial: facial expressions, tears, saliva, taste VIII Vestibulocochlear: Hearing equilibrium IX Glossopharyngeal: Taste, senses carotid blood pressure X Vagus: senses aortic blood pressure, slows heart, stimulates digestive organs, taste

12 Cranial Nerves XI Spinal Accessory: controls trapezius & sternocleidomastoid, controls swallowing XII Hypoglossal: Controls Tongue movements

Spinal Nerves 31 pairs Emerge from the intervertebral spaces in the spinal column 2 points of attachment – Anterior: contains motor fibers – Posterior: contains sensory fibers

Spinal Nerves C1-C8 = Cervical Nerves T1-T12 = Thoracic Nerves L1-L5 = Lumbar Nerves S1-S5 = Sacral Nerves C0 = Coccygeal nerve

Medical Word Elements Kinesi/o Myel/o Neur/o -Phasia -plegia

Cerebrovascular Disease Functional abnormality caused by disorders of the blood vessels of the brain Stroke: Cerebr/o/vascul/ar accident (CVA) (#3 & #1)

Cerebrovascular Disease Ischemic Stroke: narrowing of the arteries of the brain

Cerebrovascular Disease Intra/cerebr/al Hem/o/rrhage: (#1/ #2) sudden rupture of an artery within the brain

Cerebrovascular Disease Sub/arachnoid Hem/o/rrhage: (#2) Blood is released into the space surrounding the brain

Cerebrovascular Disease Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): mild CVA characterized by blackouts, blurred vision or dizziness F.A.S.T

Signs of Stroke Hemi/paresis: weakness in one half of the body Hemi/plegia: paralysis in one half of the body A/phasia: inability to speak A/taxia: lack of muscle coordination

Seizure Disorders Any medical condition characterized by sudden changes in behavior or consciousness as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain

Seizure Disorders Epi/lepsy: chronic or recurring seizure disorders

Aura Premonitory awareness of an approaching physical or mental disorder, peculiar sensation that precedes seizures

Convulsion Any sudden and violent contraction of one or more muscles

Parkinson Disease Progressive neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement

Parkinson’s Symptoms Brady/kinesia & Hypo/kinesia: decreased speed of movement ECkPVTZlfP8 ECkPVTZlfP8

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) A progressive, degenerative disease of the central nervous system

Alzheimer Disease (AD) A progressive neurological disorder that causes memory loss and serious mental deterioration

Dementia Broad Term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment

Mental Illness Includes an array of psychological disorders, syndromes, and behavioral patterns that cause alterations in mood, behavior, and thinking

Mental Illness Psychosis: serious mental disorder commonly characterized by – False beliefs despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary: delusions – Hearing voices and seeing visions in the absence of an actual stimuli: Hallucinations

Mental Illness Neurosis: caused by an emotion experienced in the past that overwhelmingly interferes or affects a present emotion – Phobias: irrational fears – Hysterias: exaggerated emotional and reflexive behaviors – Obsessive compulsive disorders: uncontrolled ritualistic actions

Careers in Mental Illness Psych/iatr/ist: (#1) Medical specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of serious mental disorders Clinical Psych/o/log/ist: (#2) individuals trained in evaluating human behavior, intelligence, and personality

Medical Word Elements & Abbreviations -kinesiaPsych/o -paresisR/O -taxiaCSF CVA TIA PNS SNS ANS

Ataxia Lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement

Autism Developmental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and an abnormal absorption in fantasy

Coma Abnormally deep unconsciousness with absence of voluntary response to stimuli

Closed Head Trauma Injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed

Concussion Injury to the brain, occasionally with transient loss of consciousness as a result of injury or trauma to the head arch_query=NFL+helmet+to+helm et arch_query=NFL+helmet+to+helm et

Dyslexia Inability to learn and process written language despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability and exposure

Lethargy Abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli, sluggish

Cerebral Palsy Type of paralysis that affects movement and body position and, sometimes, speech and learning ability

Paralysis Loss of voluntary motion – Hemiplegia: paralysis of one side of the body – Paraplegia: paralysis of both lower limbs – Quadriplegia: paralysis of both arms and legs

Sciatica Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve felt at the base of the spine, down the thigh, and radiating down the leg due to a compressed nerve

Syncope Temporary loss of consciousness due to the sudden decline of blood flow to the brain (fainting)

Diagnostic & Therapeutic Lumbar Puncture: Needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes R2_0gOI8uV0 R2_0gOI8uV0

Diagnostic & Therapeutic Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis: a series of lab test used to diagnose disorders of the CNS, including bacterial and viral infections

Diagnostic & Therapeutic Angiography: Radiography of the blood vessels after introduction of a contrast medium

Diagnostic & Therapeutic Cryosurgery: Technique that exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold to destroy it