Comparing Australia with Developing Countries Morbidity, life expectancy, infant mortality, adult literacy and immunisation rates can be used to compare nations.

Life Expectancy Average number of years of life remaining to a person at a specified age OR/ Average number of years of life remaining to a person at a specified age OR/ At birth refers to the number of years a newborn child could be expected to live, based on current mortality rates of a country At birth refers to the number of years a newborn child could be expected to live, based on current mortality rates of a country Life expectancy can be calculated from birth or at other ages usually ages 30, 65 and 85 Life expectancy can be calculated from birth or at other ages usually ages 30, 65 and 85

Life expectancy It can change each year as developments in healthcare and medical technology improve the health of the population or mortality increases. It can change each year as developments in healthcare and medical technology improve the health of the population or mortality increases. It gives good comparisons between males and females and between countries however it can only be used as an average. It gives good comparisons between males and females and between countries however it can only be used as an average. Tables 12.2 and 12.4 Pg 309 – 310 Tables 12.2 and 12.4 Pg 309 – 310 Activity 12.3 Pg 310 Q’s 1-5 Activity 12.3 Pg 310 Q’s 1-5

Mortality According to Who the leading cause of death is associated with malnutrition According to Who the leading cause of death is associated with malnutrition Other common causes include perinatal conditions, infections and parasitic diseases. Other common causes include perinatal conditions, infections and parasitic diseases. Hand out table 8.22 (Oxford H+HD) Hand out table 8.22 (Oxford H+HD) In Australia the under 5 mortality rate is much lower than in developing countries. In Australia the under 5 mortality rate is much lower than in developing countries. In Australia only six deaths of children under 5 years of age for every 1000 live births, compared to 208 per 1000 live births in one of the least developing countries. In Australia only six deaths of children under 5 years of age for every 1000 live births, compared to 208 per 1000 live births in one of the least developing countries.

Mortality The leading cause of child mortality in Australia are different to those in developing countries, they include: The leading cause of child mortality in Australia are different to those in developing countries, they include: Injury and poisonings Injury and poisonings Neoplasm's Neoplasm's Diseases of the nervous system Diseases of the nervous system Congenital malformations Congenital malformations

Mortality In developing countries many children do not survive to the age of five In developing countries many children do not survive to the age of five Some die as a result of complications during birth, prematurity or low birth weight (less than 2500 grams at birth) Some die as a result of complications during birth, prematurity or low birth weight (less than 2500 grams at birth) Other causes are preventable such as diarrhoea and malnutrition Other causes are preventable such as diarrhoea and malnutrition Or diseases such as measles, whooping cough, tetanus or tuberculosis (could be protected by immunisations) Or diseases such as measles, whooping cough, tetanus or tuberculosis (could be protected by immunisations) Activity 12.4 Q’s Pg 312 Activity 12.4 Q’s Pg 312

Mortality Handout photocopies of childhood mortality concerns (Oxford H+HD) Handout photocopies of childhood mortality concerns (Oxford H+HD) Complications occur during pregnancy and many deaths occur during childbirth in developing countries. Complications occur during pregnancy and many deaths occur during childbirth in developing countries. Antenatal care and trained attendants at birth are rare in many developing countries. Antenatal care and trained attendants at birth are rare in many developing countries. E.g.. In Ethiopia only 27% of pregnant women receive antenatal care and only 6% have trained attendants compared to in Australia and other developed countries where we have excellent and highly trained people delivering babies, providing immunisation, promotion of good nutrition, hygiene, rest and is likely to detect potential complications. E.g.. In Ethiopia only 27% of pregnant women receive antenatal care and only 6% have trained attendants compared to in Australia and other developed countries where we have excellent and highly trained people delivering babies, providing immunisation, promotion of good nutrition, hygiene, rest and is likely to detect potential complications.

Mortality As a result in developing countries poor nutrition, continuing to work long hours before and after birth contribute to high maternal mortality As a result in developing countries poor nutrition, continuing to work long hours before and after birth contribute to high maternal mortality In developed countries rest is encouraged before and after birth and as a result maternal mortality is very low. In developed countries rest is encouraged before and after birth and as a result maternal mortality is very low.

Mortality Human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) causes damage to the body’s immune system and usually results in acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) causes damage to the body’s immune system and usually results in acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Once a person is infected, they are able to pass the virus on under certain circumstances Once a person is infected, they are able to pass the virus on under certain circumstances HIV/AIDS is a serious social, economic and medical issue in many developing countries and is the cause of mortality and morbidity. HIV/AIDS is a serious social, economic and medical issue in many developing countries and is the cause of mortality and morbidity.

Mortality People who are living in poverty in developing countries are at a greater risk of contracting the virus as they have little access to healthcare and low education or information about HIV/AIDS People who are living in poverty in developing countries are at a greater risk of contracting the virus as they have little access to healthcare and low education or information about HIV/AIDS Women unfortunately may work as prostitutes due to little work opportunities and are therefore at a greater risk Women unfortunately may work as prostitutes due to little work opportunities and are therefore at a greater risk People who have multiple sexual partners as well as the partners of people who have multiple sexual partners People who have multiple sexual partners as well as the partners of people who have multiple sexual partners Injecting drug users who share needles Injecting drug users who share needles Women who have HIV/AIDS and are pregnant are at a high risk of transmitting the virus during pregnancy, birth or through breast milk Women who have HIV/AIDS and are pregnant are at a high risk of transmitting the virus during pregnancy, birth or through breast milk

Mortality People with HIV are more susceptible to health problems such as People with HIV are more susceptible to health problems such as Respiratory infection Respiratory infection Diarrhoea Diarrhoea Fever Fever Weight loss Weight loss Cancer Cancer People living with the HIV/AIDS in developing countries face a number of problems including loss of income, inability to afford medical attention, feelings of shame and guilt and difficulty in providing the basic necessities for their families. People living with the HIV/AIDS in developing countries face a number of problems including loss of income, inability to afford medical attention, feelings of shame and guilt and difficulty in providing the basic necessities for their families.

Mortality People from different WHO regions die from some of the same causes. People from different WHO regions die from some of the same causes. The main difference is the proportion of the populations who are affected in this way. The main difference is the proportion of the populations who are affected in this way. In developing countries far more people dies form infectious and parasitic diseases In developing countries far more people dies form infectious and parasitic diseases In developed countries cancer and circulatory disease are the common causes of mortality In developed countries cancer and circulatory disease are the common causes of mortality

Mortality According to WHO, in developing countries non-communicable conditions such as depression and heart disease are fast replacing traditional enemies as infectious diseases and malnutrition According to WHO, in developing countries non-communicable conditions such as depression and heart disease are fast replacing traditional enemies as infectious diseases and malnutrition Of all the deaths in 2005, non- communicable disease were estimated to account for 35 million, which is double the number of communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal conditions and nutritional deficiencies combined Of all the deaths in 2005, non- communicable disease were estimated to account for 35 million, which is double the number of communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal conditions and nutritional deficiencies combined

Mortality Of non-communicable diseases, cardiovascular disease and cancer cause the greatest number of deaths Of non-communicable diseases, cardiovascular disease and cancer cause the greatest number of deaths Most deaths from non-communicable disease occur in low and middle income countries (where the majority of the worlds population live) and tend to occur at early ages in these countries compared to high income countries. Most deaths from non-communicable disease occur in low and middle income countries (where the majority of the worlds population live) and tend to occur at early ages in these countries compared to high income countries. Table 12.6 and 12.7 Pg Table 12.6 and 12.7 Pg Photocopy from Oxford H+HD Photocopy from Oxford H+HD Activity 12.6 Pg 315 Activity 12.6 Pg 315

Global Burden of Disease Refers to the impact of a particular disease in relation to healthy life lost due to ill health and disability or death experienced by a country’s population Refers to the impact of a particular disease in relation to healthy life lost due to ill health and disability or death experienced by a country’s population It’s measured using disability adjusted healthy life year (DALY) It’s measured using disability adjusted healthy life year (DALY) One DALY is one lost year of healthy life One DALY is one lost year of healthy life Causes of burden of disease can be both fatal and non-fatal Causes of burden of disease can be both fatal and non-fatal

Global Burden of Disease In developing countries much of the burden of disease is related to malnutrition and infectious diseases. In developing countries much of the burden of disease is related to malnutrition and infectious diseases. Reproductive ill health is a leading cause of disease burden for women in developing countries Reproductive ill health is a leading cause of disease burden for women in developing countries Landmines are a significant factor in death and disability of many people living in developing countries Landmines are a significant factor in death and disability of many people living in developing countries

Global Burden of Disease In Australia the leading cause of disability disease burden is mental illness (30% in total) In Australia the leading cause of disability disease burden is mental illness (30% in total) Mental illness is growing in both men and women in developing countries too. Mental illness is growing in both men and women in developing countries too. Read table 12.8 Pg 316 (onwards) to 318 Read table 12.8 Pg 316 (onwards) to 318 Complete Activity 12.7 (Need internet) Complete Activity 12.7 (Need internet)