Ch. 9: Review & Preview Chapter 8: Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood Erikson Self and Emotional Development Play Moral Development Gender Middle Childhood (introduction) Parenting Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Physical Development Body growth Health issues Motor development and play Cognitive Development Piaget’s theory: concrete operational stage Information processing Individual differences in mental development Language development Learning in school

Erikson’s Theory Which of the following is true regarding Erikson’s theory and early childhood? Children who experience a supportive environment demonstrate initiative, which includes a new sense of purposefulness and eagerness to try new tasks. Erikson considered play to be an important mechanism in children’s exploration of new skills. Children who experience excessive threats, criticism, or punishment are at risk of developing guilt. All of the above

Self and Emotional Development A lot of improvements in self-understanding self-concept self-esteem (emotional) self-regulation self-conscious emotions The more parents label emotions, the fewer “emotion words” kids use. fewer explanations for behavior they provide. better developed children’s emotional understanding will be. more confused preschoolers will be when asked to explain what others are feeling.

Play Two-year-old Beck runs around the room, grabs a car and rolls it on the floor, and then pokes at some play dough. Beck is engaging in ___________ play. constructive functional parallel d) make-believe Which of the following is true of Parten’s play types? Parten only identified social forms of play. Longitudinal research shows that Parten’s play types emerge in the sequence she describes, and later forms of play replace earlier forms. It is the type, rather than the amount, of solitary and parallel play that changes during early childhood. If a child spends time in non-social play during early childhood, it is cause for concern.

Moral Development Which of the following is true about discipline? Punishment and discipline always mean the same thing. Time out, or removing children from the immediate setting until they are ready to behave appropriately, is a viable discipline technique. Harsh physical punishment is most effective in getting children to listen to adults. “Catching kids when they are being good” has little effect in promoting positive behavior. In terms of aggression, which is NOT true. There are different types of aggression, including physical aggression, verbal aggression and relational aggression. Instrumental aggression is intentional, while hostile aggression causes harm on accident. As children gain language skills, physical aggression is often replaced with verbal aggression. Research has shown a correlation between children’s viewing of violence in media and their own displays of aggression.

Gender Development Terms Definitions Gender typing Gender identity Gender constancy An image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics. The realization that sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle, and play activities change. Association of objects, activities, roles or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes.

Supersizing Our Kids  1. What percentage of children in the Central Valley are either overweight or obese? Why is this of concern? If an intervention for weight management is required with youth, who should the program target/include? Why is it important for children and adolescents to consume milk and other calcium rich food? According to one expert, “________________ loads the gun, but _______________ pulls the trigger.” What does this mean? In the video, what is meant by “weapons of mass expansion?”

Parenting, or Child Rearing, Styles Combinations of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child-rearing climate. Authoritative – high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting. Authoritarian – low acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control, and low in autonomy granting. Permissive – warm and accepting but uninvolved; tend to be overindulgent or inattentive, thus engage in little control; let children make own decisions before they are ready. Uninvolved – low acceptance and involvement with little control or general indifference to issues of autonomy.

Characteristics of Child-Rearing Styles Acceptance Involvement Control Autonomy Authoritative high adaptive appropriate Authoritarian low Permissive too low or too high Uninvolved indifferent Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Parenting Styles Chart 2 ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Parenting Style Examples A six year old forgets to feed his dog. Analyze each response below and tell which parenting style is being exhibited. The parent says nothing and does nothing because he doesn’t notice. The parent is preoccupied with watching television and pursuing his own interests. The parent says, “Get out there and feed that dog now!” The parent says, “Your dog depends on you to take care of him. When you forget, he suffers. What can you do to help yourself remember?” The parent checks periodically to see if the child is remembering. The parent feeds the dog himself. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Outcomes of Child-Rearing Styles Authoritative self-control, moral maturity, high self-esteem Authoritarian anxiety, unhappiness, low self-esteem, anger, defiance Permissive impulsivity, poor school achievement Uninvolved depression, anger, poor school achievement Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Quiz 10 1. In middle childhood, children’s self-descriptions emphasize (competencies / specific behaviors). Older school-age children are far (less / more) likely than younger children to describe themselves in extreme, all-or-none ways.   2. List four broad self-evaluations that develop by the age of 6 to 7. A. B. C. D. 3. True or False: School-age children are less selective in their choice of friends than they were at younger ages. 4. In coregulation, (children / parents) exercise general oversight and (children / parents) take charge of moment-by-moment decision making. What makes this form of supervision effective?