PROJECT ON FAULT ANALYSIS AND DETECTION GUIDED BY:: SUBMITTED BY:- MS. SHUBRA GOEL

CONTENTS  Introduction  Aim  Platform used  Circuit description  Block Diagram  Working  Circuit Layout  Components Used  Advantages  Applications  Cost Analysis  Future scope  Result  Conclusion

INTRODUCTION Protection system’s main function is to clear faults from the power system in high speed to: enhance people’s safety and minimize equipment damage and maintain power system stability. Protection of power systems requires an understanding of system faults and their detection, and the safe isolation of the faulted device from the By taking an inventory of all the essential electrical loads and doing a basic electrical load evaluation, you can get a good idea how much power your system needs to produce. Second, you have to know about the power Fluctuations situations also that mean what voltage minimum / maximum you are getting from the main A.C supply. In brief, you have to select the Input Voltage window and the power consumption of your appliance.

AIM OF THE PROJECT The aim of the project is to design an electrical project in which successfully we have designed a Microcontroller based Fault analysis and detection.This project measure the voltage and current at line continuously and display that value if the voltage increased from 263v then it perform a high cut,and at below 180V a low cut will performed.Thus get cure from fault and also regulates the output power. It produces the output 200V -248V. Since it is PIC microcontroller based project having inbuilt ADC and we are making the display on the FND and taking the decisions of the high cut and low cut of the relay using the controller.

PLATFORM USED SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS INFONICS: Serial Programmer Software Hex file editor MPLAB IDE v7.00: Source code Editor Assembler HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS Microcontroller PIC16F72 Crystal Oscillator Resistor Capacitor Connectors Buzzer Functional Numeric Display Transformer Transistor Led Relay

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION This circuit is divided into four sections:- Supply Section Microcontroller Section Change over Section Display and Alarm Section

BLOCK DIAGRAM CURRENT DISPLAY ON FND VOLTAGE DISPLAY ON FND PIC MICROCONTROLLER FOR ALL DECISION PIC MICROCONTROLLER FOR ALL DECISION CURRENT IN VOLTAGE IN POWER SUPPLY RELAY BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER SUPPLY SECTION RLMT Connector--- It is a connector used to connect the step down transformer to the bridge rectifier. Bridge Rectifier --- It is a full wave rectifier used to convert ac into dc, 9-15v ac made by transformer is converted into dc with the help of rectifier. Capacitor: -----It is an electrolytic capacitor of rating 1000M/35V used to remove the ripples. Capacitor is the component used to pass the ac and block the dc. Regulator: ----LM7805 is used to give a fixed 5v regulated supply. Capacitor: -----It is again an electrolytic capacitor 10M/65v used for filtering to give pure dc. Capacitor: It is an ceramic capacitor used to remove the spikes generated when frequency is high(spikes). So the output of supply section is 5v regulated dc.

MICROCONTROLLER SECTION +5v supply: This +5v supply is required for the controller to get start which is provided from the power supply section. This supply is provided at pin no.31and 40 of the 89c2051 controller. Crystal Oscillator: A crystal oscillator of 12 MHz is connected at pin no.19,x1 and pin no.18,x2 to generate the frequency for the controller. The crystal oscillator works on piezoelectric effect.The clock generated is used to determine the processing speed of the controller. Two capacitors are also connected one end with the oscillator while the other end is connected with the ground. As it is recommended in the book to connect two ceramic capacitor of 20 pf—40pf to stabilize the clock generated. Reset section: It consists of an rc network consisting of 10M/35V capacitor and one resistance of 1k. This section is used to reset the controller connected at pin no.9 of AT89c51.

MICROCONTROLLER UNIT Microcontroller AT89C2051 Features Compatible with MCS-51™ Products 2K Bytes of Re programmable Flash Memory – Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles 2.7V to 6V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Two-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 15 Programmable I/O Lines Two16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Source Programmable Serial UART Channel Direct LED Drive Outputs On-chip Analog Comparator Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

WORKING OF PROJECT It contains current transformer that is used to regulate voltage.here we have used FND for displaying information of present voltage and current, buzzer and led’s for different indication We are using pic controller for measuring analog voltage and current.PIc microcontroller has inbuilt ADC,it can sense an anolog signal and convert it into.if the voltage range is beyond range it trips off the relay. If voltage is less than 200 then voltage increases through transformer taping and at the end of the taping if the voltage increase upto the level of 263 then high cut of relay will take place and when the voltage is greater than 248 then the voltage decreases through transformer taping and at the end of the taping if the voltage decreases to 180 then low cut of the relay will take place.

CIRCUIT LAYOUT

COMPONENTS USED RELAYCAPACITOR RESISTORS TRANSISTOR LM7805 PIC 16F72 IR TRANSMITTER IR RECIVERCRYSTAL OSCILATOR

ADVANTAGES Improved operational efficiencies. Reduces financial risks. Ensures safety of workers. Improve industry goodwill in the market. Improves company’s profit.

APPLICATIONS

COST ANALYSIS COMPONENTSQUANTITYCOST Resistance PAISA/R Capacitor small ceramic PAISA/C Capacitor small electrolyte10-151RS/C Capacitor big electrolyte RS Diode 1N PAISA/D Transistor PAISA/T PCB1170 RS TRANSFORMER185 RS FND460 RS CONNECTORS RLMT5-81 RS/PIN

COMPONENTSQUANTITYCOST LED5-61RS/L WOOD BOARD1120 RS IR Rx/ Tx1/1350 RS RELAY110 RS LM RS IR SENSORS150 RS MAGNETIC SENSORS150 RS BUZZER110 RS

RESULT Our Project is completed and demonstrated successfully under the guidance and supervision of our guide and all faculty members.

CONCLUSION The project has achieved its set target well in “Time” and “Budget”. Based on cutting edge technology called Embedded development which is niche in the market today and its future is much bright. The product developed is ready for implementation and can bring financial benefits too by sale in the market.