Lexical stylistic devices & Express of means

Intentional mixing of the stylistic aspect of the word – bathos (combining words belonging to different registers, for example literary and colloquial) e.g. fabulous madam, endless gabbing, to O.K. a bill

I. Interaction of primary dictionary & contextually meanings There are 3 principle groups metonymy metaphor irony

Metaphor is the transference from one object to another genuine trite (smth. you don’t expect) (are commonly used in speech and are even fixed in dictionaries) e.g. she is a work of art; divorces are made in Heaven e.g. hand of a door, tail of a list, head of a delegation, dancing eyes syndrome, wing of a building

Major cases of metonymy: Metonymy – a relation based not on identification, but on some kind of association connecting with 2 concepts Major cases of metonymy: - A concrete thing used instead of the abstract notion: e.g. Let me give you a hand; to go to bed; The container instead of the thing contains, e.g. he ate two plates; she drank two glasses; Mr. Green is addicted to the bottle; The relation of proximity, e.g. the White House said that it would continue to seek support for a 'military response, The Oval Office was busy in work; The material instead of the thing made of, e.g. her platina is fantastic; The instrument which the doer uses in performing, e.g. she is a good piano, he works with newspapers;

Irony e.g. Britain's biggest dog was named Tiny; Irony is a stylistic device based on the simultaneous realization of two logical meanings – dictionary and contextual, but the two meanings stand on opposition to each other Britain's biggest dog was named Tiny; A man died in his living room! The dictionary entry for "short" is really, really long! e.g.

II. Interaction of primary and derivative logical meanings Zeugma Pun

e.g. Mr. Pickwick took his hat and his leave; Zeugma Zeugma is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations to two adjacent words in the context, the semantic relations being, on the one hand, literal, and, on the other, transerred. e.g. Mr. Pickwick took his hat and his leave; He said, as he hastened to put out the cat, the wine, his cigar and the lamps. Across the road, the field and the park we ran.

e.g. An elephant's opinion carries a lot of weight; Pun Pun is a stylistic device based on the interaction of two well-known meanings of a word or phrase. e.g. An elephant's opinion carries a lot of weight; -Why did they hang the picture? - Perhaps they couldn’t find the artist

III. Interaction of logical and emotive meanings Interjections Interjections are words we use when we express our feelings strongly and which may be said to exist in language as conventional symbols of human emotions. derivative primary (may retain some logical meaning) (are generally devoid of any logical meaning) e.g. well, hell , dear, gee e.g. oh! Ah! Ouch! Gosh! Yowsa!

Exclamatory words Colloquial Bookish Neutral Their function is that of the interjection; According to the layer they belong they can be subdivided into Colloquial (Come on! ) Bookish (God! by the Lord !) Neutral (Dear me! Look here! Bless me!)

We can classify epithets from different points of view Epithet is a stylistic device based on the interplay of emotive and logical meaning in an attributive word, phrase or sentence used to characterize an object We can classify epithets from different points of view 1. Semantically non-associated associated e.g. clear appearance, smart device, dark man e.g. beautiful girl, dark forest, clear sky, ultrawhite smile

from the point of view of their composition 2. Structurally from the point of view of their composition sentence simple nobody-lives-in-the-house feeling; it was he-will-never-forgive-me look true love, smiling sun, sleepless pillow compound life-long romance, long-expected letter, soon-to-be-relationship

3. Epithets can also be classified to language speech

Oxymoron Oxymoron is a combination of two words (mostly an adjective and a noun or an adverb with an adjective) in which the meanings of the two clash, being opposite in sense e.g. walking dead, courageous woman , small supermarket, original copy

IV. Interaction of logical and nominal meanings

Antonomasia Antonomasia is the interplay between the logical and nominal meanings of a word (when two kinds of meanings must be realized in the word simultaneously) ! If only one meaning is materialized, there is NO stylistic device e.g. The Windy City (Chicago), Cicero (orator), Your Majesty (Judge in the court)

Simile The intensification of some one feature of the concept in question is realized in a device called simile Comparison & simile MUST NOT be confused Comparison means weighing two objects belonging to one class of things Simile trite genuine e.g. She is as tall as giraffe; You’re skinny as a rail; e.g. Yuck! Your dog is as smelly as dirty socks

(From the Greek, "talking around") Periphrasis (From the Greek, "talking around") Periphrasis is a device which denotes the use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter and plainer form of expression logical figurative (is based on one of the inherit properties or perhaps a passing feature of the object described) (is based on either on metonymy or metaphor) e.g. under-nose hair crops (mustache); the elongated yellow fruit (banana); e.g. to drop of the hooks (to die), to take smb to one’s bosom (to marry)

From the Greek word “euphemia” – “the use of words of good omen” Euphemism From the Greek word “euphemia” – “the use of words of good omen” Euphemism is a word or phrase used to replace an unpleasant word or expression by a conventionally more acceptable one e.g. I have to let you go (you’re fired); restroom (toilet room); pre-owned vehicles (used cars); I need a bit of piece and quiet (go away)

Hyperbole Hyperbole is a deliberate overstatement of a feature essential to the object or phenomenon e.g. I must have walk a hundred miles; I nearly died laughing; Her teeth were so white they blinded me; The whole world was staring at me