Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition Martini / Bartholomew PowerPoint ® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University The Tissue Level of Organization The Tissue Level of Organization 4 4 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 1 to 64

Overview of Tissue Science Histology The study of tissues Four Basic Tissue Types Epithelial Connective Muscular Neural Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Overview of Tissue Science An Orientation to the Tissues of the Body Figure 4-1

Muscle Tissue Properties of Muscle Tissue Capable of contraction Actin filaments Myosin filaments Three types of muscle tissue Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Tissue Contains elongated cells (fibers) Fibers tied together by loose connective tissue Possesses microscopic striations Contains many nuclei Controlled by voluntary nervous system Moves and stabilizes the skeleton Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Tissue Figure 4-13(a)

Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle Tissue Only in heart Short, branched fibers Single nucleus Striated Involuntary contraction Blood circulation Blood pressure Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle Tissue Figure 4-13(b)

Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle Tissue Short, tapering cells No striations Involuntary contraction Blood vessels Urinary bladder Digestive organs Uterus Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle Tissue Figure 4-13(c)

Neural Tissue Properties of Neural Tissue Conduct electrical impulses Transfer, process, and store information Comprises neurons and neuroglia Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neural Tissue Neurons Dendrites Information entry Cell body Information integration Axon (nerve fibers) Information transmission Synaptic terminals Information transfer Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neural Tissue Neuroglia Several types of neuroglia Provide physical support Maintain extracellular chemistry Supply nutrients Defend against infection Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neural Tissue Figure 4-14

Connective Tissues Connective Tissues Components Specialized cells Extracellular matrix Protein fibers Fluid phase (the ground substance) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Connective Tissues Functions Structural framework Fluid and solute transport Physical protection Tissue interconnection Fat storage Microorganism defense Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Connective Tissues Major Types of Connective Tissue Figure 4-7

Connective Tissues Connective tissue proper Contains varied cell populations and fiber types surrounded by a syrupy ground substance Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Connective Tissues Connective Tissue Proper Resident and migrating cells Fibroblasts Macrophages Fat cells Mast cells Other white cells Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Connective Tissues Connective Tissue Proper Protein fibers Collagen fibers Provides toughness Reticular fibers Supports cells Elastic fibers Provides resilience Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Connective Tissues Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper Figure 4-8

Connective Tissues Connective Tissue Proper Three types Loose connective tissue Example: beneath dermis of skin Adipose tissue Example: “love handles” Dense connective tissue Examples: dermis, tendons, ligaments Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Connective Tissues Loose Connective Tissue Figure 4-9(a)

Connective Tissues Adipose Tissue Figure 4-9(b)

Connective Tissues Dense Connective Tissues Figure 4-9(c)

Connective Tissues Fluid Connective Tissues Cells + a liquid ground substance Blood RBCs, WBCs, platelets + plasma Lymph Lymphocytes + lymph fluid Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Connective Tissues Supporting Connective Tissue Support the body Bone (osseous tissue) Osteocytes + collagen + calcium salts Cartilage Chondrocytes + firm gel Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Connective Tissues Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage Avascular Covered by a fibrous perichondrium Three types of cartilage Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Connective Tissues Hyaline Cartilage Figure 4-10(a)

Connective Tissues Elastic Cartilage Figure 4-10(b)

Connective Tissues Fibrocartilage Figure 4-10(c)

Connective Tissues Bone (Osseous Tissue) Matrix provides unique properties Collagen fibers resist bending Calcium salts resist compression Diffusion through canaliculi nourishes osteocytes Covered by periosteum Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Connective Tissues Bone Figure 4-11

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics of Epithelia Cells closely packed Apical cells exposed to external or internal surface Cells attached to basement membrane Lack blood vessels Cells continually replaced Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Epithelial Tissue Functions of Epithelia Physical protection Permeability control Sensation trigger Specialized secretions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Epithelial Tissue Two Classes of Glandular Secretion Exocrine secretion—Secretion onto a body surface Endocrine secretion—Secretion (of hormones) into neighboring tissues and blood Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Epithelial Tissue Classifying Epithelia Number of layers Simple (one cell thick) Stratified (multiple cells thick) Cell shape Squamous (flat) Cuboidal (cubic) Columnar (tall columns) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Epithelial Tissue Table 4-1

Epithelial Tissue Simple Squamous Epithelium Figure 4-4(a)

Epithelial Tissue Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Figure 4-4(b)

Epithelial Tissue Simple Columnar Epithelium Figure 4-4(c)

Epithelial Tissue Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Figure 4-5(a)

Epithelial Tissue Transitional Epithelium Figure 4-5(b)

Epithelial Tissue Stratified Squamous Epithelium Figure 4-5(c)

Epithelial Tissue Glandular Epithelia Three secretion mechanisms Merocrine Exocytosis of vesicles Apocrine Release of apical cytoplasm Holocrine Burst of entire contents Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Epithelial Tissue Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion Figure 4-6 PLAY Glandular Secretions