17.4 Domains and Kingdoms REFLECTION 9/23 – Name the 3 domains. 9/24 – Describe what trait separates the Archae domain and the bacteria Domain. 9/25 – Describe what characteristics separate fungi and plants.

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain: Biology the highest level of classification of living organisms. Three domains are recognized: Archaea, Eubacteria sometimes called just bacteria, and eukaryotes.

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms The Three Domains Archeae: very primitive forms of bacteria Eubacteria : more advanced forms of bacteria Eukaryota: all life forms with eukaryotic cells 3

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms The Three Domains of Life Organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type, their ability to make food, and the number of cells in their bodies. Ability to make food Number of cells in their body Cell Type Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Unicellular or Multicellular Heterotrophic or Autotrophic 4

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms CHARACTERISTICS USED TO CLASSIFY ORGANISMS Prokaryotic – cells that lack a nucleus Eukaryotic – cells that contain a nucleus Unicellular – single-celled; made up of one cell Multicellular – made up of many cells Autotrophic – can make their own food Heterotrophic – can not make their own food Structure 5

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms The Six Kingdoms of Life Domain Archaea – SAME AS KINGDOM Kingdom Archaebacteria – Unicellular & prokaryotic known as “ancient bacteria”; they are the most primitive type of organisms they thrive in the most extreme environments on Earth; they are often referred to as “extremophiles” found in hot springs, very salty water, swamps, and the intestines of cows NO PEPTODIGYLCAN in cell walls!!!! EX: heat, salt, and methane lovers Reproduce – Binary fission Autotrophs and heterotrophs 6

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Archaea 7

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Eubacteria Kingdom Eubacteria They are found everywhere on Earth except extreme environments. Cell Wall - Peptiodigylcan They are unicellular, prokaryotic, some are autotrophic and others are heterotrophic. Reproduce – Binary fission Heterotroph & autotrophic 8

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Domain Eukarya (Eukaryota) Kingdoms: Protista (Protists), Fungi, Plants (Plantae), Animals (Animalia) Unicellular and multicellular Sexual and asexual reproduction Unicellular and multicellular Autotroph & heterotroph 9

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Kingdom: The highest classification into which living organisms are grouped in Linnean taxonomy, ranking above a phylum.

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms 6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Archaebacteria Ancient bacteria- –Live in very harsh environments –extremophiles

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Archaebacteria Found in harsh environments (undersea volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water) Cell walls without peptidoglycan Subdivided into 3 groups based on their habitat --- methanogens (METHANE LOVER), thermoacidophiles( HEAT LOVERS), & extreme halophiles (SALT LOVERS)

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Halophiles (like salt) Thermophiles (like heat)

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Eubacteria - Most Common

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Eubacteria Come in 3 basic shapes --- cocci (spheres), bacilli (rod shaped), spirilla (corkscrew shape) Most are heterotrophic (can’t make their own food) Cell walls made of peptidoglycan

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms EuBacteria Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Bacterial Locomotion Some bacteria have flagella or cilia for movement Some secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Bacterial Nutrition Some bacteria are autotrophs and can photosynthesize Some bacteria are heterotrophs

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Eubacteria Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus anthracis E. coli

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Protists Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae. Odds & Ends Kingdom - JUNK DRAW!!!

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Protist Eukaryotes Most are unicellular & few multicellular Heterotrophs that ingest small food particles & digest it inside food vacuoles containing digestive enzymes Autotrophs - producers Classified by the way they move (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia...)

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms The Six Kingdoms of Life Protists 23 amoeba volvox euglena paramecium

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms DiseaseProtistVector (carrier) SymptomsDetails Amebic dysenteryAmeba histolytica waterdiarrheacan get from tap water in some places Giardaisis (beaver fever) Giardiawaterdiarrhea, vomiting don't drink water from streams African Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma Tse tse flyuncontrolled sleepiness, confusion Only found in isolated areas lives in blood Malaria PlasmodiumAnopheles mosquito fever, chills, death can be treated with quinine lives in blood results in millions deaths per year ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmacatsfetal death or brain damage pregnant women should avoid cat litter

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Protists Disease Amoebic dysentery In bad water Ameba histolytica

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Protists Disease Giardiasis (beaver fever) Giardia

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Protists Disease African Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Protists Disease Malaria Plasmodium

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Protists Disease Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Protists Locomotion 3 types of movement: –Pseudopod (false foot) –Flagella/cilia –Contractile vacuoles

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Amoeba Euglena Rotifer Algae

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Fungi Kingdom The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms. By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Fungi Do not contain chlorophyll (non-photosynthetic) Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment Most are multi-cellular, but some unicellular like yeast Non-motile Lack true roots, stems, & leaves Cell walls are made of chitin (a complex polysaccharide)

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Fungi Fungi can be very helpful and delicious Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi Penicillin

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Fungi Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases: Athlete's Foot

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Fungi Ringworm

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Fungi Locomotion Fungi are stationary They have root-like structures that they use for attachment

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Mold Yeast Ringworm Mushrooms

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms

Plant Kingdom All plants are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, and… they are autotrophs

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Plant All plants are multi-cellular Contain chlorophyll inside of chloroplasts Cell wall made of cellulose Plants (also called autotrophs or producers) trap energy from the sun by photosynthesis & store it in organic compounds All plants that reproduce sexually & asexually

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms 4 important plant groups are the: Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns (Pteridophytes) Conifers (Gymnosperms) Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Non-vascular Vascular

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Mosses

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms

Animalia Kingdom Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall Heterotrophs Capable of movement at some point in their lives.

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms The Six Kingdoms of Life Plants multicellular eukaryotic autotrophic most live on land 53

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Animal All multi-cellular (metazoans) Cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Cells lack cell walls Heterotrophs (take in food & internally digest it) Show levels of organization including cell, tissue, organ, & system Cells are specialized for particular functions

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms

Porifera: sponges

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Cnidarians: Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers... Their stinger is called a nematocyst

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Nematocyst

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Another Cnidarian – the Hydra Hydra can reproduce asexually by “budding” A “bud” is a CLONE of its parent

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms

Mollusks –Octopi, squid

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Mollusks –Clams, oysters

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Mollusks –Snails, slugs

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Platyhelminthes (flat worms) –Tapeworms & Liver Fluke & Planaria Human liver fluke

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Annelids (segmented worms) –Worms & leeches

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Echinoderms –Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Arthropods –Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS!

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Phylum: Chordates

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Viruses Viruses do not share many of the characteristics of living organisms. HIV Virus

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Viruses Viruses can reproduce only inside a living cell, the host cell.

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Viruses The viral reproductive process includes the following steps: 1.A virus must insert its genetic material into the host cell. 2.The viral genetic material takes control of the host cell and uses it to produce viruses. 3.The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell.

17.4 Domains and Kingdoms Virus Vectors Viruses are transmitted through vectors, such as: Airborne –Influenza –Common cold