Chapter 10 Motivation

Objectives 10.1 Motivational Theories Define the concept of motivation. Discuss the theories about what moves individuals toward the fulfillment of a goal Motivation of Hunger Illustrate the biology/physiology of hunger. Explain environmental influences on hunger. Describe the eating disorders and self- regulation.

Objectives 10.3 Sexual Motivation Examine the physiology of human sexual response. Compare and contrast gender norms in sexual motivation. Discuss evolutionary theories of mating. Describe the biological and environmental factors in sexual orientation.

Objectives 10.4 Social Motivations Define the social motivations and give examples of each Motivation and Work Explain the relationship between human motivation and work.

Motivational Theories Motivation: An inner state that energizes people toward the fulfillment of a goal Motive: The pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain or displeasure

Motivational Theories Instinct Theories Evolutionary Theories Drive Theories Arousal Theories Incentive Theories Hierarchical Theories

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Students who were paid to solve puzzles during their free time (red) completed more puzzles in the second session (when paid), but fewer in the third session (when not paid), compared to the control group (blue). Performance based on level of incentives for mechanical skills and cognitive skills.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs According the Maslow’s Hierarchy, each level of need depends on satisfying the lower levels.

The Physiology and Regulation of Hunger Stomach

The Brain and Hunger The limbic system, located in the center of the brain, controls motivation, emotion, and memory. The structure called the hypothalamus, located just below the thalamus, is the functional center of motivation in the brain.

Hormones Hormones are chemicals that influence body growth, mood, eating, and sexual characteristics.

Metabolism Set point theory suggests the body works to maintain a particular weight, so that when intake is reduced, metabolism slows to burn fewer calories.

Genetics Genetics also plays a major role in regulating hunger.

Environmental Influences In addition to the many biological factors involved in the motivation to eat, a wealth of environmental factors play a role.

Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa: An individual feels he or she is overweight despite objective evidence. Bulimia nervosa involves binge eating large amounts of food but maintaining relatively normal weight by purging. Binge-eating disorder is marked by repeated overeating without the compensatory strategies found in bulimia.

Obesity Obesity is defined as an excess level of fat in the body, i.e. when someone is at least 15% above ideal weight for a given height.

Physiology of Sexual Response Human sexual response cycle: Phases of excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution that complete a sexual act

Gender Norms in Sexual Motivation Masturbation vs. sublimation Sexual peak Number of sexual partners Casual sex

Evolutionary Theories of Mating Males – “Quantity” Cost of procreation is small, limited to the acts of intercourse, No waiting period until they can father more children. Benefit from following a strategy of impregnating many different women while minimizing investment in them or their children Females – “Quality” Pregnancies and giving birth are dangerous. Much greater investment of resources is needed to carry, breastfeed, and care for the limited number of offspring. Benefit from choosing high- status mates who can providing access to social and economic resources.

Sexual Orientation Heterosexual: A person who desires emotional and sexual intimacy with members of the opposite sex Homosexual: A person who desires emotional and sexual intimacy with members of the same sex Bisexual: A person with more than incidental involvement with both male and female partners

Biological Factors in Sexual Orientation Brain structure and function Prenatal hormones Genetic influences

Social Motivations Belonging Achievement Self-actualization

Making Choices Make choices in novel ways. Link the present with long-term goals. Make use of higher-level thinking processes. Practice self-regulation.

Motivation and Work Industrial and organizational psychology: A field of study addressing the psychology of work Hawthorne effect: Improvement in a test group caused by the increased interest shown toward them

Personnel Psychology Personnel psychology focuses on the selection, training, and evaluation of employees.

Organizational Psychology Organizational psychology examines how the structure of jobs and the workplace affects the success of group efforts.

Career Directions A calling is defined as an occupation that an individual feels drawn to pursue expects to be intrinsically enjoyable and meaningful sees as a central part of his or her identity.