Biochemistry All life functions are driven by chemical reactions. Why do we need to know chemistry in biology?

A. Levels of Organization Tissue Organ System Organ Organism Cell Organelle Molecule Atom (group of similar cells) I. Introduction

B. Element 1.Substance made up of only one type of atom 2.Most of living matter is made of C, H, O, and N

C. Molecule 1.Two or more atoms bonded together 2.Chemical bonds store energy Ex. O 2, H 2 O, CO 2, C 6 H 12 O 6 D. Compound 1.Molecule containing at least 2 different elements Ex. H 2 O, CO 2, C 6 H 12 O 6

E. Equations Reactants (Raw Materials) Products Enzymes F. Reactions 1.Synthesis: join small molecules (building blocks) together to make 1 large molecule 2.Digestion: large molecule broken down into smaller molecules (building blocks)

II. Organic Chemistry A. Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds Organic: Contain BOTH Carbon and Hydrogen ex. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids Inorganic: Don’t contain BOTH Carbon and Hydrogen ex. H 2 O, CO 2, H 2, O 2, NaCl

1. Carbohydrates a. Elements: b. Ending: c. Function: d. Building Blocks: C, H, O -ose quick source of energy Simple Sugars (ex. glucose) B. Organic Compounds

e. Complex Carbohydrates: Many sugars in a chain Ex. Starch (Amylose), Cellulose

2. Lipids a. Elements: b. Function: c. Building Blocks: C, H, O store energy for long-term use Triglyceride: 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids glycerol Fatty acid

d. Types: Fats room temp. Oils room temp. Waxes

3. Nucleic Acids a. Elements: b. Function: c. Building Blocks: C, H, O, N, P, S stores hereditary information Nucleotides phosphate sugar Nitrogenous base

d. Types: DNA and RNA

3. Proteins a. Elements: b. Ending: c. Function: C, H, O, N (sometimes S) -in, -ase -Most abundant compound in organisms -Control reaction rates (enzymes) -Help form bone & muscle -Tissue repair -Transport substances -Fight diseases

d. Building Blocks: Amino Acids *Sequence of amino acids determines type, shape, & function of protein

1.Measure of how acidic or basic a solution is 2.Goes from 0 to is neutral (neither acid nor base) 4.Below 7 = Acid 5.Above 7 = Base 6.The farther away from 7 a solution is, the stronger it is. C. pH Neutral Acidic Basic weakstrongweak strong

D. Enzymes

1.Enzymes are proteins that act as organic biological catalysts that speed up reactions. a.They are reusable. b.The specific shape of the enzyme’s active site determines what kind of molecules it can interact with.

2. Substrate: what an enzyme breaks down or puts together. Ex: Maltase – the enzyme that works with the sugar, maltose The first part of the enzyme name indicates the substrate that it works with. Maltase glucose Maltose Enzyme-Substrate Complex Enzyme names end in -ase

Synthesis Enzyme Substrate Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Digestion Enzyme Substrate Enzyme-Substrate Complex

3. Factors affecting enzyme activity: *each enzyme works best in certain conditions. a. The concentration of enzymes vs. substrates – how often they bump into each other. PICTURE

b. Temperature: as temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases *but if it gets too hot… the enzyme denatures (changes shape) Optimum (best) Temperature (~37-40ºC)

c. pH Level: Enzymes work best within a certain pH range. *if the pH is too low or too high, the enzyme will denature. Optimum pH