This module covers the following 6 orders: GALLIFORMES — Fowl-like birds ANSERIFORMES — Waterfowl & Screamers
CHICKENS AND RELATIVES
Range: worldwide Morphology/ecology: short-beaked, terrestrial birds with short, rounded wings Behavior: most lay large clutches, precocial chicks; polygyny and lekking (group male display areas) is common Taxonomic notes: quite primitive unspecialized birds near the base of the tree of modern birds; this is group that Ken Dial used to test his new idea on the origin of flight Important families: *Phasianidae: pheasants, grouse, turkeys, peacocks *Odontophoridae: New world quails *Megapodidae: megapods or moundbuilders; eggs are buried and incubated by heat generated from composting (Australia and southern Asia) *ORDER GALLIFORMES — Fowl-like birds — 5 families; 258 species
Ocellated Turkey, Guatemala Family Phasianidae: pheasants, turkeys & grouse -Some species highly cryptic, others highly elaborate males -Lekking mating system common -Chicks highly precocial
- Lekking: Males defend display territories that do not have any resources. Females cruise through to make their choice. Sharp-tailed grouse, British Columbia
Rock Ptarmigan, Canadian arctic
Rock Ptarmigan live in treeless tundra — plumage color matters for crypsis
molt has to happen very quickly as habitat changes color with snow melt
female half way through molt
new female breeding plumage that is exquisitely camouflaged against tundra
rock ptarmigan nest with typical clutch size
Photo by Mike Danziger Family Odontophoridae: New World quails California Quail - California quail = our state bird -Several species have crests, called plumes or ‘topknots’ -After precocial young hatch, often form social groups called coveys
Australian Brush-Turkey Family Megapodidae: moundbuilders -Australian family -only birds that do not use body heat to incubate their eggs
Malleefowl mound where eggs are incubated Unique incubation strategies in megapodes: -Compost -Geothermal
WATERFOWL Ruddy Duck, B.C.
Range: worldwide Morphology/ecology: ancient group of swimming waterbirds; bill broad, flattened, lamellate or slender, serrate (mergansers); feet palmate; variety of foraging modes (filter feeders, fish eaters, shellfish eaters) Behavior: large clutches of unspotted eggs, only females incubate; precocial chicks leave nest upon hatching; brood parasitism within and between species is very widespread Other notes: Screamers have two knife-like spurs on leading edge of each wing, also very extensive air sacs that crackle when pressed, soar high into air and call (hence name) Important families: *Anatidae: swans, geese, ducks Anhimidae: screamers (South America) *ORDER ANSERIFORMES — Waterfowl & Screamers — 2 families; 161 species
Mallard, Santa Cruz Family Anatidae: ducks, geese & swans
Common Eider, Quebec
Common Eider nest
Barrow ’ s Goldeneye, B.C.
Adoption in Barrow ’ s Goldeneye
Interspecific nest parasitism Ruddy Duck Redhead
Black-headed Duck, Argentina
Black-headed Duckling in nest of Brown-hooded Gull
Magpie Geese, Australia
Southern Screamer, Argentina Family Anhimidae: screamers
photo Mo Hassan