EOC ES #3 Take the PREQuiz Test = ES#3 PreQuiz Pass = Study

DNA Shape = Sides = Rungs = Label the DNA drawing in your notes 3 Parts of a nucleotide: 1.Phosphate 2.Sugar 3.Nitrogen Base (A, T, C, G)

DNA complementary base pairing A-T G-C C-G T-A This allows DNA to… 1.Split and come back together during replication and transcription 2.A variety in the genetic sequence

Why is the sequence of DNA important? 1.DNA sequence (order) codes for 2.Proteins which are used for 3.EVERYTHING in cells! (structure and reactions)

DNA Replication/Synthesis What unzips DNA? Process: When: Why:

How do cells respond to their environment? Proteins!

Mutations Mutation = a change in the DNA sequence 1.Changes in DNA sequence lead to 2.Changes in proteins which lead to 3.Loss of control of the cell cycle which can lead to 4.Cancer

Types of RNA mRNA rRNA tRNA

Transcribe the Sequence DNA: T A C G A A C C C G T A C A A A C T

Do you remember how to use the codon chart? What does the codon chart use? A.DNA B.mRNA C.rRNA D.tRNA

Translate the Sequence

Why does the DNA sequence matter? 1.DNA sequence 2.RNA sequence 3.Amino Acid Sequence 4.Protein Shape 5.Traits!

Types of Mutations - Addition THE DOG BIT THE CAT -Deletion THE DOG BIT THE CAT -Substitution THE DOG BIT THE CAT

What Causes Mutations? Mutations can be… Random UV exposure Chemical exposure

How are body cell mutations different from sex cell mutations Body cell mutations = not passed to offspring (skin cell) Sex cell mutations = passed to offspring – if fertiliZed!

Meiosis Reproduction DNA replication DNA separation # of chromosomes # of divisions # of cells produced

Mitosis Reproduction DNA replication DNA separation # of chromosomes # of divisions # of cells produced

Increasing Genetic Diversity Crossing over

Increasing Genetic Diversity Random Assortment of chromosomes

Increasing Genetic Diversity Mutations – happen when DNA replicates

Increasing Genetic Diversity Nondisjunction

Increasing Genetic Diversity Fertilization is random – which sperm can fertilize which egg is random

What is this and what does it show?

Karyotype Shows: 1.Gender 2.Chromosome number/disorder What does the karyotype in your show you?

Quick review of some genetics terms Domninant – capital letter; masks recessive Recessive – lower case letter; hidden by dominant allel Allele – form of a gene Gene – segment of DNA that codes for a trait Homozygous – same alleles in zygote Heterozygous – different alleles in zygote

In guinea pigs black fur (B) is dominant to tan fur (b). Cross two heterozygous black parents.

IN chickens feather color is codominant. Cross a black and white hen with a white rooster.

In some flowers petal color is incompletely dominant, with red and white blending to make an intermediate pink petal color. Cross two pink flowered plants.

Could a father with blood type B and a mother with blood type A have a child with type O blood? Explain! Could these parents have a child with type AB blood? Explain!

Recessive Sex-linked trait What are the genotypes for each individual?

DiseaseCuasesInheritance Sickle Cell Cystic Fibrosis Huntingtons

CauseEffectPrevention Tobacco Use Sun Exposure Diet and Exercise (some genetic predisposition) Genes and Mom’s Diet

Gel Electrophoresis Steps 1.Collect DNA sample 2.Use restriction enzymes to cut DNA into different sized fragments 3.Pipette DNA into wells 4.Run gels with electric current (longer move slower than smaller) making dashes Gel Electrophoresis Makes a DNA Fingerprint!

DNA fingerprints are used to… 1.Identify individuals 2.Catalog endangered species

Which suspect was at the scene of the crime?

Transgenic Organisms… How to “make” a GMO 1.Insert gene into bacterial plasmid 2.Get bacteria to take plasmid 3.Select for the transformed bacteria 4.Producing the product/organism

Human Genome Project

Gene Therapy

Genetically Modified Organisms

Early Earth Early Earth had NO life. 1.Protocells 2.Anaerobic prokaryotes (no O2) 3.Photosynthetic unicellular (put O2 in atmosphere!) 4.Aerobic unicellular 5.Multicellular

Evidence of Evolution Fossils Biochemical Similarities Homologous Structures

Classification Systems Broad  Specific! Classification = Phylogenetic Tree =

Natural Selection Natural Selection = the mechanism for change in populations (evolution) Populations can increase exponentially if there are enough resources Populations are genetically different but they can change/evolve if…

Natural Selection Populations are genetically different but they can change/evolve if… …organisms with favorable phenotypes can survive, reproduce, and pass alleles to offspring. Accumulation of changes in favored alleles leads to changes in species over time

Geographic isolation

CauseEffectPrevention Overuse of antibiotics Overuse of pesticides

Complete the Dichotomous Key

Answer the questions about the phylogeny