GENETIC ENGINEERING

What does something that has been genetically engineered mean?

SELECTIVE BREEDING OBJ: Identify the purpose of selective breeding and explain why breeders try to induce mutations (including techniques)

Imaginary Apple Stations  Observe  Color  Shape  Size  Texture  Any other important trait

Selective Breeding  What is Selective Breeding?

Selective Breeding  What is Selective Breeding?  Method of improving a species by allowing only those individual organism with desired characteristics to produce the next generation  Examples: Dogs, Chickens, Agriculture

Examples of Selective Breeding

Problems with Selective Breeding

Hybridization  What is Hybridization?

Hybridization  What is Hybridization?  Breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms

Examples of Hybridization  Example: disease resistant plant with a high fruit producer

Inbreeding  Why?  To keep the desired characteristics, breeders use inbreeding  How  This involves the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics (to keep the traits wanted)

Inbreeding  Why?  To keep the desired characteristics, breeders use inbreeding  How  This involves the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics (to keep the traits wanted)

Example of Successful Inbreeding  Pure Dogs!

Problems with Inbreeding  Higher chance of bringing together recessive alleles, blindness, joint deformities, etc.

Advantages of Genetic Engineering  Feeding population  Helping correct genetic disorders

Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering  Crop Failure  Health Hazards of GMO’s  Ethical Issues

Assignment- In pairs  Choose something an organism (other than a human) that you want to selectively breed.  Send one person to have your item approved  Create an advertisement selling your new genetically modified item. Be sure to include:  Why did you chose what you did?  What do you expect the outcome to be? Include characteristics

Ticket out the Door  Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper and hand in for class credit.  What is an example of selective breeding?  How do mutations relate to selective breeding?  How would a breeder induce genetic variation?

Ticket out the Door  Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper and hand in for class credit.  What is an example of selective breeding?  How do mutations relate to selective breeding?  How would a breeder induce genetic variation?

Ticket out the Door  Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper and hand in for class credit.  What is an example of selective breeding?  How do mutations relate to selective breeding?  How would a breeder induce genetic variation?

Create a “Wordle” 

MANIPULATING DNA OBJ: Explain how scientists manipulate DNA

Manipulating DNA  Genetic engineering is making changes in the DNA code of an organism  Scientists can change DNA  knowledge of the structure  make-up of the DNA molecules

Manipulating DNA  DNA is cut into smaller pieces  the sequence of bases required is identified  numerous copies of the sequence are made

Tools of Molecular Biology  DNA extraction: cells are opened (lysis) and the DNA is separated from the other parts of the cell (before cell enzymes destroy it)

Tools of Molecular Biology  Cutting DNA: use restriction enzymes (cut the DNA into smaller pieces)  hundreds are known, and each cuts the DNA strand at a different sequence (must match exactly )

Tools of Molecular Biology  Separating DNA: gel electrophoresis separates the DNA fragments according to the number of base pairs in the fragment

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Gel Electrophoresis  A mixture of DNA fragments are placed into a porous gel at one end

Gel Electrophoresis  Electric voltage is applied to the gel and the power turned on moved the DNA (negatively charged) move toward the positive end of the gel  The smaller the fragment, the farther it will travel through the gel

Uses for Gel Electrophoresis  Identification for bodies  Disputed parentage  Convict/acquit accused individuals  DNA Fingerprints

/ Gel Electrophoresis Lab

Using the DNA Sequence  Cutting and Pasting: combining DNA from different sources = recombinant DNA  Making Copies: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) involves making multiple copies of a gene cut from the DNA strand  DNA polymerase uses base pairing to make multiple copies of the gene from the DNA strand (using each side as a template)

Transgenic Organisms  Contain genes from other species  Genes from one organism are inserted into the cells of another organism, then used to grow new organisms

tech/research-innovations/photos/12- bizarre-examples-of-genetic- engineering

Ethics and Genetic Engineering  app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/assetGuid /15AFE418-71E2-4DA8-A544-FCE9C app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/assetGuid /15AFE418-71E2-4DA8-A544-FCE9C  Stem Cell Research: taking a fertilized cell and harvesting the cells to use for research of organ growth, or cloning (removing the nucleus of an egg cell to fuse it with a cell from another organism) – possible suffering of genetic defects and health problems, bringing back extinct species

Ethics and Genetic Engineering  Genetically Modified Organisms: choosing genes for organisms; “perfect species/race”

DNA Fingerprinting  No two individuals have the same DNA  Looks at sections of DNA that has no function  Can be obtained from blood, sperm, or hair with tissue at the base